Recently, media reported that betel nut is a class 1 carcinogen. What is the concept of a carcinogen? How to classify carcinogens?
The reporter interviewed Li Wei, director of the Cancer Prevention Medical Examination Center of the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. She believes that carcinogens are strictly external factors that cause cancer. Only by maintaining a healthy lifestyle can you stay away from cancer.
Why foods cause cancer
Does the food itself contain no carcinogens? Take betel nut as an example, some researchers believe that betel nut itself is food, and only 7%-8% of people who eat betel nut suffer from oral cancer. Some people think that an alkaloid contained in the betel nut can cause oral mucosal fibrosis, oral leukoplakia, precancerous lesions, and increased risk of cancer.
Li Yu believes that food carcinogenicity is mostly caused by human factors. There are many ways to cause carcinogens through the following ways:
Improper food preservation occurs mildew. Foods that have been stored for a certain period of time or more, have passed the food shelf life, are prone to mildew, and produce aflatoxin, a class 1 carcinogen, which can cause liver cancer, which has been clinically proven. Improper food storage can also cause mildew.
Improper cooking methods. Nitrite is produced when foods are smoked, grilled, or marinated improperly, or when foods are scorched or baked.
Pesticide residue. During the cultivation of crops, excessive use of pesticides and pesticides, if not effectively degraded, exceeds the limit standard and long-term consumption will increase the risk of cancer.
Unsuitable use of Food Additives. The statutory food additives are used in prescribed doses and the safety is guaranteed. If you overdosage, use more range, there will be a risk of cancer.
How to classify carcinogens
Carcinogens are classified according to their carcinogenic risk. What substances are included?
Li Wei said that carcinogens are only external factors causing cancer. These external causes can be broadly classified into chemical carcinogens, physical carcinogens, biological carcinogens and food carcinogens. Carcinogens can be classified into confirmed carcinogens, suspected carcinogens, and potential carcinogens according to their different carcinogenic effects on humans and mammals.
Li Yu introduced the 878 chemicals reported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, which mainly include:
First class carcinogens: In the first class carcinogens, natural substances and their processed products account for 5 species, including aflatoxin, cyclosporine A, tobacco and smoke, betel nut and alcoholic beverages.
Second Class A: For chloramphenicol, formaldehyde, polychlorinated biphenyl, butadiene, dimethyl sulfate, epichlorohydrin, styrene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, diesel engine exhaust, etc. For the most likely carcinogens, animals are identified as carcinogens.
The second class B: For example, baicalein, carbon tetrachloride, electromagnetic waves, gasoline engine exhaust, dry cleaning, etc., are likely carcinogens for humans and are likely to be carcinogenic to animals.
Third-level carcinogens: caffeine, food coloring, etc. There is currently no sufficient basis to determine if the substance is a human carcinogen.
Li Wei reminded that do not superstitiously believe that certain anti-cancer or cancer-preventing foods are caused by a variety of factors. They cannot be simply attributed to a carcinogen, or they are expected to prevent the occurrence of cancer by eating certain foods or certain types of foods. . She suggested that foods should be varied, balanced, quit smoking and limited alcohol, exercise properly, and maintain a good attitude, so that they would not be able to prepare cancer for "paving stones."
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Common sources of chemical carcinogens
Since 1971, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is part of the World Health Organization, has compiled information on chemical carcinogens from various countries into books and has classified the chemicals that have undergone carcinogenic studies into four levels.
The first level has sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity to humans. The requirements for confirming human carcinogens are: epidemiological investigations with strict design, reliable methods, and ability to eliminate confounding factors; dose-response relationships; and verification of other survey data or animal experiments.
Common primary carcinogens include: aflatoxins, nitrosamines, dioxins, nicotine, benzopyrene, and sodium nitrite. The sources are:
Aflatoxins: Rotten peanuts, peanut oil, corn, rice, and cottonseed are the most common. Nitrosamines: From decayed food, vegetables, fish, and egg milk. Two (odd) English: from tar, asphalt, plastic burning. Nicotine: From tobacco. Benzopyrene: From barbecues, fried foods. Sodium Nitrite: From industrial salt, freshly picked pickles.
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