Cucumber plus high-dwarf and dense-planted three-dimensional cultivation is based on conventional cultivation. The main cultivation behavior is mainly planted, and dense planting is carried out between the main planting rows to increase the density in the early stage, and the planting row is pruned to increase the early yield. . When a certain yield is obtained by adding cultivation, and the leaf area index of the population reaches a certain value, it will be removed and the conventional density will be restored to ensure that the density of the main planting line is suitable, and the subsequent yield of the main planting cucumber is not affected. Practice has shown that this cultivation method can increase the early yield of cucumber by 80%, the total output by 30%, the total output value by 40%, and the land utilization rate by 40%.
1 variety selection
The main planting varieties are suitable for high-yield and disease-resistant varieties, which may be early-maturing varieties or late-maturing varieties. Commonly used are Snow Warrior, Jinchun No. 3, Xintai Mickey and other varieties. It is necessary to use early-maturing varieties, such as Xintai Mickey, in order to make full use of the early maturity of early-maturing varieties and increase early yield.
2 cultivation techniques
2.1 Deeply plow the soil and fertilize the land. Cucumber is fertile and fertilized. The average nutrient uptake per 1000kg of cucumber produced is: N1.80kg, P2O51.58kg, K2O2.68kg, CaO4.16kg, MgO1.07kg, so the base fertilizer should be applied during greenhouse cultivation. Chicken manure, pig manure, bean cake, etc. can be used as the base fertilizer, the amount of mu is about 10000kg, and the yield of cucumber is 15000~20000kg. When using organic fertilizer, the fertilizer must be fully decomposed, and the finished organic fertilizer, such as Ou Kaile multi-dimensional strong organic fertilizer, can be used. The amount of organic fertilizer is the same as the application of organic fertilizer such as chicken manure. A large amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be supplemented in an appropriate amount, and 50-100 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer or 40-80 kg of Eucalyptus three-color controlled release compound fertilizer can be applied. The medium and trace elements should be supplemented properly. 200kg of superphosphate, 15kg of magnesium sulfate, 3kg of ferric sulfate, 3kg of zinc sulfate, borax or boric acid of 1~2kg can be added. The trace elements should be mixed with the organic fertilizer and used evenly. Deeply turn the soil after application, and add lime nitrogen to suffocate the shed to water the ostomy. The specific fertilization amount should be mastered according to the principle of balanced fertilization, which can achieve high yield and stable production and reduce production cost, reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, and reduce the degree of soil salinization.
2.2 cultivation methods
2.2.1 Sowing date. According to the mouth, choose the appropriate sowing date. The suitable sowing time for wintering alfalfa cultivation is from late September to mid-October. In early spring, greenhouses and greenhouse cultivation are usually planted in mid-November to mid-January.
2.2.2 Planting density. Using cucumber and dense planting techniques, the row spacing of the main planting row is 1~1.2m, the plant spacing is 20~30cm, and 2200 seedlings per mu are protected. Adding and planting in the middle of the main planting line, planting 2000~2200 plants per acre, so that the number of early harvested plants can be doubled.
2.2.3 Cultivate strong seedlings. The robustness of the seedlings directly affects the speed of the seedlings and the early yield. Only a strong seedling can make the encryption line early and improve the early production. In order to enhance the disease resistance of cucumber plants, it is generally necessary to adopt grafting (relief method) cultivation. After planting, it is necessary to timely water the seedling water, and pay attention to shallow covering soil, do not bury the soil too deep, so as to prevent the cucumber from growing out of the regenerative roots to lose the role of grafting disease prevention.
2.2.4 Pick up the heart at the right time and remove the encrypted line in time. When the added cucumber grows to 12 leaves, the top core is removed, and the growth is controlled to make it dwarf. The dwarf plant leaves 3 to 4 cucumbers per plant, and the small frame is cultivated and managed. After the 3~4 cucumbers are harvested, they should be removed immediately, which is convenient for the main plant to manage and grow normally.
3 environmental regulation
3.1 Temperature. The seed germination temperature is 24 ° C ~ 26 ° C, the daytime temperature of the seedling period is maintained at 23 ° C ~ 28 ° C, night 16 ° C; slow seedling period day temperature 25 ° C ~ 28 ° C, night temperature 13 ° C ~ 15 ° C; 25°C~30°C in the morning, the maximum can not exceed 33°C, 20°C in the afternoon, 15°C~18°C in the middle of the night, 10°C~12°C in the middle of the night; the daytime temperature in the winter season is 22°C~28°C, and the nighttime is 13°C~16. °C; After entering the spring, the daytime 25 ° C ~ 30 ° C, not more than 32 ° C, night 18 ° C ~ 21 ° C. The ideal temperature difference between cucumbers is about 10 °C. In case of cloudy low temperature for more than 1 week, in addition to temporary heating, most of the melon should be removed, and some female flowers should be removed to inhibit reproductive growth and maintain the minimum nutritional capacity of cucumber. To improve the temperature conditions, the temperature conditions in wintering cultivation are more suitable for higher yield. In spring ripening cultivation, the more suitable the temperature of shed and room, the earlier the planting, the earlier the market is, the higher the output value. Only the appropriate temperature conditions can make the cucumber grow and develop rapidly, improve the early yield and achieve the purpose of three-dimensional cultivation.
3.2 Humidity. In the slow seedling period, high soil moisture and air humidity should be maintained. Therefore, the seedling water should be poured immediately after planting to make the air humidity reach 90%~95% to prevent the seedlings from wilting. After the seedlings are slowed down, the humidity can be appropriately reduced, the soil moisture is maintained at 70% to 80%, and the air humidity is maintained at 80% to 85%. In the event of bad weather, it is more important to pay attention to reducing the humidity in the shed. In the result period, the humidity during the day is maintained at 70% to 75%, and during the night at 80% to 85%. The evaporation of soil moisture after watering is the main reason for the increase of air humidity. Especially after continuous watering, the humidity is saturated, which is an important condition for the disease. Therefore, the watering must be selected on a sunny morning, and the vents should be closed immediately after pouring, so that the temperature of the shed rises to 30 °C, and then quickly release the air to cool down and dehumidify after 1 hour, and then turn off when the temperature drops to 24 °C ~ 26 °C. Ventilation, when the temperature is raised to 30 ° C for 1 h, then release the air, which can greatly reduce the humidity inside the shed.
3.3 illumination. Cucumber has strong weak light resistance, and the light saturation point and light compensation point are 55,000~66,000 lx and 0.2 million~0.3 million lx respectively. Therefore, under low light conditions in winter, high yield can still be obtained. However, in order to increase the light and increase the yield, it is possible to adjust the time of pulling and uncovering the grass, and strive to achieve 8~10h of light every day. It can also increase the light intensity and extend the illumination time through the dustproof membrane of the shed film and the hanging reflective curtain. In the case of rainy and snowy weather in winter and spring, as long as the temperature in the shed is not lower than 20 °C, the grasshopper can be uncovered. If the temperature is too low, it can be lighted and ventilated for a short time in the afternoon, and the fluorescent lamp and bio-benefit lamp can be installed conditionally. Note that when the light is suddenly seen on a continuous cloudy day, the flower buds should be pulled to prevent the transpiration of the leaves from being strengthened after the plants suddenly see the light, resulting in the wilting of the plants caused by the low water absorption capacity of the roots of the plants.
4 fertilizer management
The root system of cucumber is not developed, the distribution is shallow, the absorption is weak, and the requirements for soil aeration are high. If the fertilizer is improper, it is prone to physiological obstacles and affect its growth and development. The corresponding management measures should be taken according to different cultivation seasons. Fertilizer management generally grasps that the first time the cucumber is harvested, the fertilizer is not applied. After the first picking of the melon, the fertilizer is applied with water, and the fertilizer is generally applied once every other time. Compound fertilizers, organic fertilizers or biological fertilizers should be used interchangeably to provide a more comprehensive nutrient. During the fruiting period, it is necessary to supplement calcium and potassium fertilizers in time. In the cold season, attention should be paid to water control and fertilizer control. Fertilization should be applied in small amounts with water. It is strictly forbidden to apply a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and apply organic fertilizer and biological fertilizer as much as possible to improve the absorption capacity of roots under low temperature conditions. Shi Zengwanjin, Shi Bike and other foliar fertilizers. By looking at the weather forecast, looking at the soil moisture, and looking at the growth of cucumber plants to determine the specific time for watering, the two fertilization intervals and watering can be determined according to soil conditions, seasons and plant growth potential. It should be done “five pouring and no pouringâ€, that is, watering on sunny days, not pouring on cloudy days, watering on sunny days, not pouring in the afternoon, pouring warm water, not pouring cold water, pouring dark water in the lower ditch of the plastic film, not in the ditch on the film. Pouring water, slow-flowing water, pouring water without pouring water. The interval between two fertilizations and the amount of watering can be determined based on soil conditions, seasons and plant growth potential. If the conditions permit, the concentration of carbon dioxide gas can be appropriately supplemented, which can increase the yield of cucumber by about 20%.
5 pest control
The main diseases include downy mildew, gray mold, powdery mildew, bacterial angular leaf spot, bacterial leaf blight, anthracnose, etc. The insect pests include leaf miner, aphid, whitefly, etc. .
5.1 downy mildew
5.1.1 Symptoms. It is mainly harmful to the leaves, which is a low-temperature and high-humidity disease. Generally, when the humidity is high in winter and spring, the disease is heavy, and the corn leaf is chlorotic, and the polygonal brown spot is restricted by the veins. The leaf is gray and black mold layer, which causes the leaves to dry and fall off quickly until the plants die.
5.1.2 Control methods. 1 The use of high temperature shacks is one of the important means to control diseases in greenhouses. This method can be used to control various diseases such as downy mildew, powdery mildew, angular leaf spot, gray mold and black star disease. The specific operation method is to seal the greenhouse after watering in the morning on sunny days, so that the temperature rises. When the temperature reaches 45 °C~46 °C, it will be slowly ventilated after 1.5~2h, and the temperature will be lowered. Pay attention to the thermometer mercury ball and the highest plant when the shed is in the shed. The points are on the same level. You can also water it 1d before the shack, and then water it when the shack is over. 2 chemical control. It is controlled by sprays such as kelu, silver phlegm and pulic. When mixed keratosis, 77% of the wettable micron powder 400 times can be added. In recent years, the 42% trichloroisocyanuric acid soluble powder promoted is also a new eradication agent for vegetable downy mildew. The trade name is Clostridium, which is a broad-spectrum, systemic and therapeutic fungicide. When spraying the liquid, it must be sprayed evenly to make the leaves carry the medicine. After the medicine is used, check whether the mold layer of the leaf back spots is dry. Generally, spray it 2~3 times.
5.2 gray mold
5.2.1 Symptoms. It is mainly harmful to flowers and young melons. The pathogens invade from the buds of flowers and young melons. They are firstly flooded with soft rot, and the diseased parts are atrophied and presented with a "tip melon" shape. When the humidity is high, the disease minister is full of gray-brown mold and burnt flowers. It falls on stems and leaves, causing rotten stems, rotten leaves, and gray mold.
5.2.2 Control methods. 1 Remove the diseased body, remove the diseased flower, diseased leaf and diseased fruit in time, and take it out of the shed to burn or bury it deeply. 2 ecological control. 3 chemical control. Spraying with Scrubs, chlorhexidine, Nonglyling, Shijiale and other agents, rainy weather can be controlled by aerosol or dust.
5.3 bacterial angular spot disease
5.3.1 Symptoms. Mainly harmful to the leaves, the water spots first appear on the leaves, the lesions are enlarged by the veins, yellow-brown, with oily light; the central part of the lesions dry and fall into pores when dry, and milky bacteria are produced when wet Pus, after evaporation, forms a white powdery substance, or leaves a white film. The melon strips, stems and petiole lesions are nearly round and watery, and there are also white pus on the surface, which becomes light gray in the later stage and cracks in the middle. The difference between angular spot disease and downy mildew is that there are black mold layers on the back of the leaf of the downy mildew disease, no perforation in the late stage of the disease, and the melon strip is not harmed; and the leaf spot on the back of the leaf spot disease overflows the pus, the late stage of the disease Will be perforated, melon strips are odorous.
5.3.2 Control methods. 1 Carry out rotation, interval 2~3a and non-host crop rotation, reduce the incidence and reduce the harm. 2 disease-free strains or seed treatment. Choose a field or a field that has not been planted with cucumber to breed seeds. If you have planted a field that once planted cucumbers, you should choose a disease-free plant to keep the seeds. Seeds sold in the market must be treated with seeds before sowing, and soaked with 50% of the 50% solution of dexamethasone for 1 hour, rinsed with water, and germinated. It can also be soaked with neomycin oxytetracycline 200mg/kg for 1h, drained with water and then immersed in water for 3h, germination and sowing. In the absence of a drug, soaking in warm water at 55 ° C for 15 minutes, then transferring to cold water for 4 hours, then germination and sowing. 3 Strengthen cultivation management, cultivate disease-free seedlings, raise seedlings with new disease-free soil seedling beds, protect agricultural papers from timely release, reduce greenhouse humidity, control irrigation after onset, promote root development, enhance disease resistance, and remove after harvest The diseased plant remains, reducing the damage. 4 chemical control. If the plant is ill, spray 4000 times of agricultural streptomycin, 4000 times of neomycin, or 500 times of 30% DT fungicide, spray once every 5~7d, and spray 3~4 times continuously.
5.4 Powdery mildew
5.4.1 Symptoms. Mainly damage to leaves, petioles, stems and vines. In the early stage of the disease, white powder spots were formed on the front and back sides of the leaves to a large white powder spot area, which was enlarged and contiguous, and the leaves were yellow, brittle and dry. Generally starting from the bottom blade, it gradually develops upwards. At present, the powdery mildew pathogen has developed resistance to fungicides such as carbendazim and methyl thiophanate, and the use of powder rust on cucumber to prevent powdery mildew. If it is not noticed, it will cause serious phytotoxicity.
5.4.2 Control methods. 1 with chlorothalonil smoked smoke treatment. 2 can use high-fat membrane 30~50 times liquid to prevent the onset of disease. The initial stage of the disease can be 100 units of agricultural anti-120, or 10% high 1500 times liquid, or 40% DuPont Fuxing 5000 times liquid, the above drugs are used, every 7~ Spray 10 times in 10d, and spray 3~4 times.
5.5 bacterial leaf blight
5.5.1 Mainly harmful to the leaves, the leaves are chlorotic yellow-green round spots on the front, and the back of the leaves is initially immersed in chlorotic spots. The lesion is thin, white, grayish white, yellow or yellowish brown, and sometimes the dry pus is visible on the back of the diseased leaf. The young stem is infected and the diseased stem is cracked. A round gray spot is formed on the fruit, which has yellow dry pus.
5.5.2 Control methods. In the early stage of the disease, the spraying is carried out. The commonly used agents are 4000 times of agricultural streptomycin, 4000 times of neomycin, and 500 times of 30% DT.
5.6 anthracnose
5.6.1 Symptoms. A round lesion is formed on the stem and petiole, initially water-soaked, pale yellow, and then turned dark brown. When the leaves are damaged, there are small spots in the early stage of water immersion, which are enlarged into nearly round lesions, reddish-brown, and there is a clear yellow circle on the edge of the lesion. When there are many lesions on the leaves, they often merge into irregular large spots. Piece. Many small black spots appear on the lesions in the later stage, and pink sticky substances grow when wet. When dry, the middle part of the lesions easily breaks and forms perforations. When the melon strips are onset, the surface forms a round, pale green depression lesion with a small black spot on the surface, and a pink viscous substance is formed on the surface of the lesion at a later stage. The cause of anthrax is caused by diseased residues and seeds in the soil.
5.6.2 Control methods. 1 Choose disease-resistant and disease-free varieties. 2 Seed treatment before sowing. Soaking with warm water at 55 ° C for 15 min, or soaking with 50% carbendazim WP 500 times for 15 min, then rinse with water. 3 Strengthen the management of the shed, release the air and drain the water, control the temperature and prevent disease. Generally, the temperature in the morning is controlled at 30 ° C, and the air is properly released in the afternoon and evening. 4 chemical control. 45% chlorothalonil can be used for fumigation, 250g per acre, or 1kg 5% chlorothalonil dust or ketomycin dust per acre. Other commonly used agents are 50% methyl thiophanate WP 700 times solution, 75% chlorothalonil WP 700 times solution, 80% anthrax defame WP 800 times solution, pay attention to alternate drug spray control, and mixed application Foliar fertilizer makes the leaf growth return to normal.
5.7 Pests. There are mainly whitefly, aphids, etc., and it can be sprayed with imidacloprid, kungfu, avermectin and other agents. It is better to add 0.1% washing powder as a spreading agent in the liquid. In the cold season, spray on the sunny morning, no spray at noon and evening. At noon, the temperature in the greenhouse is too high, the leaves are transpiration fast, and the drugs have not been absorbed and dried, especially the manganese-zinc drugs, which not only reduce the efficacy but also cause phytotoxicity. In the evening, the spray is just the opposite of noon. Because it is not completely absorbed by the cucumber leaves after spraying, it will be decomposed and broken due to moisture, and it will not achieve the purpose of treatment. It will also increase the humidity of the greenhouse and increase the incidence of diseases. .
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