How to carry out scientific cultivation and management throughout the growth period of Chinese medicinal materials, so as to harvest high-quality and high-yield Chinese medicinal materials? The following are the six management keys for the cultivation of Chinese medicinal materials:
1. Land preparation and construction
Before planting or transplanting Chinese medicinal materials, the soil must be plowed and then leveled and raked. The land preparation period is generally carried out in spring and autumn, but autumn ploughing is better. The depth of site preparation depends on the types of Chinese medicinal materials and soil conditions. The general principle is that 1 to 2 year-old herbal Chinese medicinal materials should be shallow, and roots and underground stems should be deep. Soil preparation should be combined with basal fertilizer, especially enough farmyard manure, and soil disinfection should be carried out at the same time.
According to the types of Chinese medicinal materials, growth characteristics, regions and topography and other conditions, the borders are made respectively. The shape of the border can be divided into the following three types:
Gao Qi: The border surface is about 30 cm above the ground, with drainage ditches on both sides. It is suitable for rainy and low humidity areas, especially for cultivated roots and underground stems.
Ping Qi: The surface of the border is level with the trail, and the surrounding area is cultivated into a small soil ridge. It is suitable for areas with low groundwater level, deep soil layers and good drainage.
Low border: The border is about 10-15 cm below the trail. Suitable for high groundwater level and arid areas. In general, the traditional Chinese medicinal materials that like to moisturize are mostly used in low borders.
2. Seedling management
1. Shading: After the seedlings are unearthed, shed curtains must be erected to shade them. The shade of seedlings should be about 50%.
2. Thinning: Generally, thinning can be carried out after the cotyledons appear. After 2 to 3 times of thinning, the last one is called Dingmiao. Thinning should be early but not too late, otherwise it will easily cause the seedlings to grow long, grow weakly, and be vulnerable to pests and diseases.
3. Cultivation and weeding: Cultivation can loosen the topsoil, reduce water evaporation, circulate the soil air, promote the decomposition of nutrients in the soil, and create good conditions for root growth and nutrient operation, especially after rain and irrigation, timely cropping. The depth of cultivating varies depending on the types of Chinese medicinal materials, soil texture and climate conditions. Some types of Chinese medicinal materials need to cultivate soil after cultivating and weeding.
4. Irrigation: Control irrigation during the seedling stage to promote root growth. After the line is closed to the rapid growth of the stems and branches of the plants, the water consumption is large and there is no shortage of water. When the natural rainfall is insufficient, artificial irrigation should be carried out in time.
5. Anti-cold and overwintering: Measures must be taken to prevent cold and frost before the severe winter. The main methods are: covering the bed surface with cold-proof grass curtain; or cultivating soil around the rhizosphere of the plant; or irrigating with frozen water once; or setting up a wind barrier on the north side of the seedbed; or adding phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; The stalks are wrapped with straw, etc.
3. Transplanting and colonization
Generally, when 5 to 6 true leaves appear after sowing Chinese medicinal materials, the first transplantation can be performed. The time of transplantation or colonization should be carried out in the afternoon and evening on a cloudy day with no wind or a sunny day. The survival rate of transplantation after rain is higher. After the seedlings are transplanted or planted, they should be irrigated or sprayed immediately, and shaded appropriately to facilitate survival.
Four, fertilization
Fertilization principles: Plant 1-2 year-old and whole herbaceous medicinal materials. Nitrogen fertilizer should be used in the seedling stage, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied in the late growth period. Perennial and root and underground stem medicinal materials, in addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer in late autumn or early spring combined with soil preparation, Topdressing should be done at least 3 times during the growth period; the first time after germination occurs in spring, the second time before flowering, the third time after flowering and before fruiting, and another "wax fertilizer" in winter; woody flowers and fruits , Seed medicinal materials, fertilizers should be applied before the autumn trees enter the dormant period. Fertilization outside the roots of plants absorb fertilizers quickly, starting to absorb 5 hours after spraying, and can last for 7 to 10 days, but the concentration of fertilizer must be mastered. The time for top dressing outside the roots should be sprayed on the stems and leaves of Chinese medicinal materials in the evening on a sunny day or on a cloudy day. If it rains after spraying, spray again.
Five, plastic surgery and pruning
Pruning principle: All cross-branches, long branches, dense branches, delicate branches, dead branches, and diseased branches that disturb the shape of the tree should be cut off in time to avoid spreading and consuming nutrients; for Chinese medicinal materials that bloom in spring, flower buds are mostly on top The branches of a year have already formed, so it is not suitable to re-pruning in winter. Only the autumn shoots without flower buds can be cut off during the dormant period, and pruning can only be done after flowering and fruiting; for the Chinese medicinal materials that bloom and bear fruit on the branches of the year, it can be carried out during the dormant period. Re-pruning; growth period pruning is mainly topping, topping, wiping off buds or flower stalks and other measures.
Six, scaffolding bracket
For some medicinal vines that are climbing, winding, and vines, when they grow to a certain height, scaffolding is needed to pull the vines to grow on the shelf. For some Chinese medicinal materials with smaller plants, it is sufficient to erect pillars beside the plants, and for Chinese medicinal materials with tall plants, scaffolds should be erected.
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