The storage and transportation of oil is referred to as oil storage and transportation. Mainly refers to qualified crude oil and other derivative products, from the oil depot, transshipment terminal or foreign exchange
Station, the process of transporting long-distance crude oil pipelines, tank trains or tankers to users such as refineries and petrochemical plants.
Crude oil rheology is an important parameter in the design of storage and pipeline transportation processes. During the storage and transportation of crude oil, due to the high viscosity, it usually needs to be lowered.
Sticky, changing its rheological properties to facilitate storage and transportation, while also controlling the energy consumption of the oil. At present, domestic and foreign
Agent or viscosity reducer to reduce the flow resistance of heavy oil during mining and transportation, and improve transportation efficiency.
Brookfield's viscometers and rheometers provide comprehensive system experiments for viscosity and rheology during oil storage and pipeline transportation
Room application research and solutions for online viscosity real-time monitoring.
Pipeline oil transportation characteristics
l Large transportation volume; low energy consumption and low freight rate
Easy to manage, easy to achieve full automation, high labor productivity; most of the pipeline is buried in the ground, limited by topographical features, can shorten transportation
l Distance; safely sealed, basically unaffected by harsh weather, stable and safe for long-term operation.
l The transportation mode is not flexible, the steel consumption is large, and there are many auxiliary equipments. It is suitable for one-way transportation with fixed point and large quantity.
Crude oil viscosity and rheology
Concept and characteristics
Viscosity of oil: The friction between liquid particles, expressed in mPa.s. The viscosity determines the flow properties of oil in underground and pipelines.
It is generally closely related to changes in the chemical composition, temperature and pressure of crude oil.
Generally, when the crude oil contains a large number of alkanes, a light color, a high temperature, and a large gas capacity, the viscosity becomes small. The pressure increases and the viscosity also increases. Underground crude oil
The viscosity is generally less than the viscosity of the crude oil on the ground.
Crude oil is a complex mixture of multicomponent hydrocarbons. At high temperatures, the wax crystals are dissolved, the asphaltenes are highly dispersed, and the crude oil can be regarded as a pseudo-uniform fluid.
Shows Newtonian fluid properties. As the temperature decreases, the wax crystals precipitate and grow, and the crude oil becomes a liquid hydrocarbon as a continuous phase, wax particles and asphalt.
A finely divided suspension of the dispersed phase exhibits non-Newtonian fluid properties. When the oil temperature is lower, the wax oil is connected to the network, and the yielding phenomenon appears.
More complex non-Newtonian fluid properties. The rheological properties of non-Newtonian crude oil are related to thermal history and shear history.
Rheological properties of crude oil in pipelines
Within the pipeline, crude oil rheology presents two stages:
Higher temperature range: crude oil still exhibits Newtonian fluid properties, its rheology has nothing to do with shear history and thermal history; crude oil has low viscosity and is in turbulent light.
The sliding zone flows.
Lower temperature section: transporting waxy crude oil through long-distance seabed and land pipeline pumps, the oil temperature is gradually reduced, the wax crystal amount is increased, and the oil temperature is already in the original
Below the anomalous point of oil, crude oil exhibits non-Newtonian fluid properties (pseudoplasticity, thixotropic, yielding, etc.), rheological and shear history, and thermal history.
History is closely related.
Recommended by Brookfield Instruments
For the characteristics of viscosity and rheology during the storage and transportation of crude oil, national standards, and the development requirements of the entire process of storage and transportation, BROOKFIELD
I recommend the zui instrument that is suitable for different occasions.
Before pipeline transportation: laboratory method is used to determine the rheology of crude oil under specific simulated pipeline transportation conditions, and it is safe and economical to store and transport crude oil.
The important foundation work.
In pipeline transportation: the online viscosity meter is used to monitor the viscosity change of crude oil in the automatic conveying process in real time, which is to ensure the economical and efficient crude oil.
An important means of continuous delivery with low energy consumption.
Recommended for laboratory instruments:
QC type --- DV2T rotary viscometer
DV3T Rotary Rheometer
R&D type --- RST series rotary rheometer
Online Viscometer Recommended:
Rotating method --- TT-100 online viscometer 
Laboratory application research
Viscosity and rheological analysis of crude oil
Using rheometer to determine the key parameters of the mathematical model of oil rheological properties through a small number of tests, using numerical simulation to study the operation of waxy crude oil pipelines
The evaluation of sex and safety has become the development direction of engineering application research of oil rheological properties.
The BROOKFIELD Rotary Viscometer/Rheometer is a standard in the field of viscosity measurement and is being tested for viscosity standards in the petroleum sector.
A unique and mature solution.
Applicable standard
SH/T 0739-2003 --- Asphalt viscosity measurement method (Budkefield rotary viscometer method)
SY/T 0520-1993 --- Crude oil viscosity measurement - Rotary viscometer balance method
SY/T 0522-1993 --- Determination of wax point of crude oil - Rotary viscometer method
SY/T 6316-1997 --- Analysis method of fluid properties of heavy oil reservoirs - Determination of viscosity of crude oil
SY/T 7547-1996 --- Crude oil yield value determination - Rotary viscometer method
SY/T 7549-2000 --- Determination of viscosity curve of crude oil - Viscometer method
QC type: DV2T viscometer & DV3T rheometer 
DV2T Viscometer & DV3T Rheometer with ULA Ultra Low Viscosity Adapter or SSA Small Sample Adapter for measuring oil in the specified
Viscosity at shear rate. The viscometer can also be programmed, saved and analyzed by software, which greatly facilitates the customer.
R&D type: RST series rheometer
The RST series rheometer has dual control modes for controlling shear and shear rate, which can perform comprehensive shear rate scanning analysis on oil products and crude oil viscosity.
Rheological analysis of degrees and waxing points, yield stress, thixotropy, and viscosity curve of crude oil.
It is used to systematically study the rheological characteristics of oil at low temperature (below the abnormal point temperature) with the heat history and shear history of the pipeline, and establish crude oil.
Mathematical model of relationship between freezing point, viscosity (apparent viscosity), thixotropy, yield stress and thermal history and shear history under pipe transport conditions, for guiding oil
The safe operation of the pipe network provides a theoretical basis.
A large number of experiments have shown that when the oil temperature is higher than the freezing point TZ+10 °C, the crude oil exhibits Newtonian fluid properties.
At low and medium temperatures, the rheological properties of crude oil gradually become pseudoplastic, requiring higher flow rates or greater pumping forces to ensure continued flow.
At lower temperatures (near the freezing point TZ), the rheological properties of crude oil gradually change to yield-pseudoplasticity, requiring higher flow rates or greater pumping forces to
After "submission", it continues to flow.
The viscosity curve of crude oil reflects the law of viscosity change of crude oil with temperature, so the viscosity curve of crude oil is correctly determined, and the design, production and transportation of crude oil
Production and scientific research are of great significance.
As the temperature decreases, the viscosity also increases. In the pipeline transportation, the viscosity of the crude oil that reaches the pipeline is not much higher than that of the wax-free crude oil.
When we need to design a pipeline, we should consider whether to conduct crude oil viscosity detection and chemical treatment on the intermediate station or large diameter pipeline.
Online viscosity real-time monitoring
Limitations of laboratory measurement methods
Essentially off-line measurement
That is, the sample is taken from the pipeline and sent to the laboratory for measurement.
The consequences of this process:
l Long time
l expensive
l often introduce errors (humanity / time / measurement environment, etc.)
In actual pipeline transportation, off-line measurement is the cause of fluctuations in oil quality and the process of redundancy.
l Introduce online viscosity measurement and control, which can make the quality of the product more consistent and make the process more economical.
Continuous high quality.
The introduction of online viscosity measurement
With the rapid development of China's economy and the improvement of global industrial technology, the three major domestic oil companies are mining, transporting and processing technologies for crude oil.
High, Brookfield's technical advantages in online testing of the crude oil industry are fully demonstrated.
Brookfield works closely with three of the world's largest oil service companies (Baker Hughes, Halliburton, Schlumberger). In the Americas alone, the number of supporting units exceeds 100, and the industry is widely used. The TT-100 is almost the industry standard in the US oil industry.
Purpose and use of online monitoring l Different sources of crude oil, under the same conditions, the viscosity difference will be very large, you can use the online viscosity data to determine the source of crude oil and the oil for the corresponding next process (storage, refining process parameters Ok, etc.). l In the process of crude oil transportation, different viscosity reducers need to be added. With the online viscosity data, the type and amount of additives can be quickly determined, and the effect after the addition can be quickly grasped. l According to the situation of crude oil, control the corresponding temperature, use the online viscosity data, you can adjust the temperature according to real-time conditions, save energy and ensure the smooth delivery of crude oil. l Using the online viscosity data, you can grasp the rheological properties of different crude oils, and monitor and guarantee the energy saving, energy saving, efficient and safe crude oil transportation.
TT-100 online viscometer l The liquid is sheared by the surface of the rotor and the inner wall of the container, and the shear rate can be accurately calculated. The rheological properties of the oil can be evaluated by changing the rotational speed. l TT-100 online viscometer is installed in the form of armor, installed next to the main crude oil pipeline, real-time monitoring of online crude oil viscosity value, real-time viscosity value on the spot, and remote transmission of data to the station control room system to monitor viscosity in real time, no need Personnel return to xun. l The system is equipped with electric heat tracing and heat preservation to prevent pipeline blockage caused by low temperature in winter; the filter is installed to prevent the particles from being clogged or stuck in the viscometer. l TT-100 online viscometer armored system comes with remote control and feedback signal, which can directly control the start and stop action of on-site viscometer and circulation pump from the station control room. l Online measurement data can be compared to laboratory data.
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