Cowshed environment
Breeding of cattle has changed from grazing to intensive farming, achieving high-density, labor-saving, superior production performance, and exquisite hygiene, and is reaching various technical indicators.
Feeding cattle management is whether the supply of feed can meet cattle intake. In the group management, the problem of unbalance between individuals is prone to occur. In order to solve this problem, continuous feeding methods may be adopted, and feed fences may be provided with automatic individual identification devices and other effective measures. In order to maintain the normal indoor environment of closed stalls, it is necessary to rely on effective measures such as mechanical ventilation. When the temperature in the house is higher than the proper temperature, increase the ventilation volume. In addition to the adjustment of temperature and humidity, the main points of ventilation can also remove contaminants such as dust, mold, and harmful gases that pollute the environment. The minimum ventilation of the barn is based on the concentration of carbon dioxide and is determined in order to maintain air cleanliness. A large number of pollutants in the house can reduce the immune function of livestock and promote the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. The cause of air pollution in homes is not only poor ventilation, but also is closely related to the unreasonable method of the structure of cattle beds that are easily contaminated by dust, breeding of groups, and intensive care or handling of excreta in houses.
Raising livestock in the house may plunder the freedom of cattle behavior. It is necessary to judge whether the breeding density of cattle, beds, dressings, and fences are reasonable by observing the behavior of cattle.
Grazing environment
Grazing production is the survival of cattle in a natural environment with sufficient and poor quality. The cattle's production capacity and environmental adaptability are active. It is a production method in which cattle and nature coordinate and coexist. Therefore, the objective of grazing management is to apply and utilize the grazing land as the continuous site for the production of cattle without compromising the relationship between the livestock and the grazing environment, without destroying the natural environment of pastures.
The grazing environment is different from the home environment and close to the meteorological and climatic conditions of the natural environment. The changes directly affect cattle production. Wild grazing environment is characterized by large changes in temperature and humidity within a day, strong sunlight and nighttime radiation cooling, and is affected by changes in meteorological phenomena such as wind, rain, snow, thunder, fog, and frost. In addition, the terrain is rarely flat, and in addition to bumps on an inclined ground, there are many walking obstacles such as tree stumps and stones, and normal behavior is often accompanied by changes such as falling, fractures, trauma, and hoof damage. Although air is clean in grazing land, it is difficult to disinfect or defend against pathogens, and the observation and monitoring at grazing sites are more difficult and it is easy to delay the diagnosis of diseases.
Transportation environment
Transportation usually takes place at the beginning and end of cattle production, which can affect the productivity of the cattle and the quality of the produce. For cattle, there is a clear difference between the environment during transportation and the feeding environment before transportation, and cows are prone to stress reactions during transportation. The transportation environment and its effects make cattle feel psychological pressure such as terror, and the degree of psychological pressure given is affected by loading and unloading, crowdedness, ambient temperature, humidity, wind, radiant heat, hunger strike, waterlessness, excrement, odor, and shaking on the vehicle back and forth. Different factors such as up and down vibration, noise, loading density, partners, individual partners, and trampling vary. Therefore, in order to reduce the impact of transportation, the shortened transport distance and time are fundamental.
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