Release date: 2015-12-14
Beijing time on December 11th news, according to foreign media reports, with the continuous advancement of technology, NASA plans to manned to the moon and Mars, so the emergency medicine in space is currently receiving attention. Space medical has also become one of the main topics of the International World Conference on Extreme Medicine. Due to the sinister space environment and the poor medical equipment of astronauts, scientists are exploring deep-space emergency surgery and exploring the use of remote-controlled robots for pain relief. At the International World Conference on Extreme Medicine, the polar explorer Ranuf Fiennes described the situation in which his partner was frostbitten during the Arctic expedition and the bloody process of performing foot surgery.
On the International Space Station, astronauts are almost never far from life-saving equipment and supplies. However, if you really fly to Mars, what should you do if you have a problem?
Will the future lunar base need to build a hospital?
Lanuf said that during the polar expedition, he encountered extreme ice and snow and super high altitude, and was repeatedly in danger of hunger, disease and frostbite. For centuries, this ability to respond to wounds and diseases on a temporary basis in extreme environments has long been regarded as the basic quality and important foundation of the explorer.
A conference spokesperson said that with the continuous development of technology, space agencies plan to manned to the moon and Mars, and emergency medicine in space exploration is currently receiving much attention. In fact, in the International Space Station, the medical facilities are very simple, there are no comfortable sofas, flashlights or medical probes that people imagine, and the level of medical equipment is equivalent to a public swimming pool.
NASA astronomer and medical doctor Michael Bharat pointed out: "In many people's eyes, I may be compared to Dr. McCoy in the movie "Star Trek", which is not the case. On the International Space Station, medical staff The toolbox is very simple, a defibrillator, a small ventilator and some emergency medicine. With these supplies, we can temporarily stabilize a serious condition, but it won't last long."
If the astronauts break their legs on Mars, the situation will be extremely bad.
Fortunately, the medical problems encountered by members of the International Space Station are not life-critical. Only once, when Italian astronaut Luca Pamitano walked in space, the water infiltrated into the helmet and almost died. However, due to the particularity of the space environment, astronauts often encounter unconventional medical dilemmas and long-term environmental challenges such as muscle and bone loss. Bharat explained: "We have experienced space-specific sports diseases, back pain, visual changes, such as changes in the optic nerve and the iris of the eye. In addition, our immune system and fluid regulation have also changed. This series of bodies Changes will bring medical problems.†Since the International Space Station is located only in space less than 400 kilometers from the Earth, the current ambulance policy is to send seriously ill or injured astronauts to the “Alliance†spacecraft and send them as quickly as possible. Return home. Bharat pointed out: "We can send patients back to the ambulance center on Earth for treatment within a few hours. But if human space exploration is farther deep, such as on the way to the moon or Mars, seriously ill or seriously injured. The astronauts will face great risks."
In order to explore the deep space emergency surgery, scientists conducted a large number of zero-gravity surgery experiments. As early as 1991, engineers had planned to equip the space station with a well-equipped infirmary. The surgeon had performed surgery on anesthetized rabbits in a zero-gravity flight. However, the results are not ideal. Bharat explained: "One of the challenges we face is liquid contamination. If a vein bleeds, the surface tension will cause the blood to adhere to the surface of the tissue on which the surgery is performed. However, this is not the worst case. If you accidentally cut it In an artery, blood is ejected from the artery and flies into the air to block the line of sight. This situation is a big problem for us.†NASA recently supported a study to use a surgery on a spacecraft. A small, liquid-filled dome covers the patient's surgical field, and the surgeon can access the instrument, scalpel, and endoscope through the dome. This device not only prevents blood from getting anywhere but also helps keep the wound clean. Since the particle problem is not solved, various bacteria float in the airborne space, greatly increasing the risk of infection.
The lack of medical equipment in space is a bit like the situation faced by polar explorers.
Surgery can be extremely difficult and risky in a gravity-free environment.
Another issue that scientists are concerned about at the meeting is analgesia. Bharat warned: "In a small space environment, the use of inhalation anesthesia is a difficult thing. Our pollutant cleaning system can not solve this problem, so we must explore other methods."
Currently, NASA is exploring the use of remote-controlled robots, such as surgical robots operated by surgeons on Earth, and even autonomous robot surgeons. Bharat said: "A surgical robot that can perform end-to-end surgical procedures autonomously may be a little far away, but this is indeed what we hope to achieve. In my opinion, a minimum training can be provided for crew members. The medical staff provided some detailed instructions for the operation. By repeatedly watching some videos or even performing surgery, the trainee was able to successfully manipulate the robotic aids."
However, if one day the astronauts really step on the surface of the alien planet and suddenly suffer from diseases such as broken legs or perforation of the appendix, it is difficult to receive medical treatment. Bharat said: "The further we explore, the more we are limited by the equipment and personnel carried by the journey. If we fly to the moon, we can communicate with the Earth in some real-time, but return to Earth time. It takes five days. However, if you fly to Mars, the surgical bag carried by the astronauts will be weight-limited, and the delay means that the remote-controlled robot cannot be used and there is no real-time communication with experts on the planet."
As a result, astronauts flying to the Moon or Mars will face greater risks, much like the lack of medical care during polar expeditions. However, Bharat is still very optimistic. He declared: "In the future, the space clinic will definitely appear. However, before breaking through this cost-effective obstacle, we must set a certain threshold for crew members, spacecraft space and remote control level. One day, Dr. McCoy will appear.
Source: Sina Technology
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