"Rejuvenation" is becoming a reality in the laboratory. Biologists have developed a "magic potion", which in turn "baths" cells, and can quickly and easily achieve the "rejuvenation" of many somatic cell types.
The research team led by Yan Dingqing, a researcher of the Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, after five years of research, revealed the scientific principle of chemical methods for preparing stem cells and provided a new scientific perspective and solution for inducing research on pluripotent stem cells and optimizing their preparation. . The relevant results were published online on April 6th, Beijing time in the International Stem Cell Authority magazine "Cell Stem Cells."
A
Unlock "password string"
Make cells "fresh"
The method of the induction of pluripotent stem cells by this chemical small molecule developed by the team of Qu Duanqing only requires that the cells “bath†in succession with two different “medicines†and that they can “rejuvenate†somatic cells to the state of pluripotent stem cells.
Pluripotent stem cells are self-renewing, self-replicating cells that have the potential to regenerate various tissues and organs.
How do these magical "magic potions" induce adult cells to the state of pluripotent stem cells in the early stages of embryonic development? The study found that the fate of cells is controlled by the state of the "information center" chromatin inside the nucleus and the opening of chromatin of cells (1) Together with the closing (0) state, it constitutes the decision cell fate state. This situation is like a computer binary "password string" that can "lock" cells in a specific state.
The research team further found that they are guarded by the transcription factor family members such as AP-1 and ETS around the open chromatin site of adult cells, and guarded by transcription factor family members such as OCT, SOX, and KLF in stem cells. The "rejuvenation" of cells, that is, the chromatin that is watched by adult cells from open to closed, and the chromatin of stem cell watchers from closed to open replacement processes.
Qi Duanqing said that this research is the use of drugs to fine-tune the "code string" of cell chromatin, first use a group of drugs to "unlock" the somatic fate state, and then use another group of drugs to drive cell fate to pluripotent stem cells. State, and then realized the "rejuvenation" of cell fate.
B
The new scheme is better than the original method of the Nobel Prize winner
There is more than one way to get cells to “rejuvenateâ€. The new method of the team is more simple and efficient.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012, Shinya Yamanaka, is one of the founders of induced pluripotent stem cells. In 2007, his research team conducted experiments on mice and found ways to induce human epidermal cells to have the features of embryonic stem cell activity.
The stem cells induced by this method can be transformed into heart and nerve cells, which provide a great help for the study and treatment of various cardiovascular terminal diseases. This method dispenses with the ethical constraints of using human embryos to extract stem cells and is therefore widely used throughout the world. The industry calls it the "Yamanakayama method."
However, in the research method of Yamanaka Yamanaka, the use of viral vectors for reverse transcription is prone to carcinogenesis, which poses greater risks for later clinical applications. In order to induce somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells, scientists from various countries are constantly developing new methods. Later, scientists used chemical small molecules to replace pluripotent factors in the mountains to induce pluripotent stem cells, but they have many disadvantages such as many steps, long time, low efficiency, and unclear mechanism.
One of the paper's correspondents, Liu Jing, a researcher at the Guangzhou Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that compared to Chinese scientists, the new method is simple, efficient, requires less initial cells, and is easy to standardize and widely used. In addition, the program can achieve a variety of somatic cell types, "rejuvenate", including extremely difficult to cultivate liver cells in vitro.
C
Safe and efficient method
Broad application market
Stem cells and regenerative medicine have been in rapid development in recent years. They aim to promote wound repair and treatment of diseases through stem cell transplantation, differentiation and tissue regeneration. They have important clinical application value and are important indicators for measuring the development level of a nation's life sciences and medicine.
Yan Duanqing introduced that the new solution discovered this time, because there is no introduction of foreign genes, the operation is simple, and the conditions of the induction process are uniform and standardized, it will provide a safe and efficient method of preparing stem cells, and has a broad application market.
At the same time, this method provides a new direction for the development of drug-induced cell fate changes, which will greatly promote the development of stem cells and regenerative medicine and serve China's medical and health services.
Scientists further deciphered the mechanism by which individual small molecule drugs "unlock" the chromatin code of cells, and found that the key small molecule Brdu can act directly on the DNA structure itself to regulate the chromatin status, thus promoting the "rejuvenation" of cells. This discovery provides a breakthrough for the development of small molecules that are more efficient and simple to use for cell "rejuvenation."
Xie Xi, a researcher at the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and deputy director of the National New Drug Screening Center, said that Chinese scientists complement each other in the field of compound-induced pluripotent stem cells, and China is the world leader in this field. (According to Xinhua News Agency)
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