The occurrence of fruit crack disease in the late stage of apple growth is widespread, and the damage is severe. It seriously affects the value of Apple's products and should be given enough attention. Apple crack disease is a kind of physiological disease caused by the rapid expansion of apple pulp during the early growth period of apple, and it is a kind of physiological disease caused by the rapid swelling of apple during the late period of growth. The degree of disease is closely related to species, age, and tree vigor. Fuji disease is heavier, the tree is older, and the tree vigor is weaker and heavier. The tree is younger and the tree vigor is less and lighter.
I. Causes of apple crack disease
1, environmental conditions
Orchard environmental mutations such as drought, high temperature and windy during apple growth and development are the direct causes of crack disease. The continuous drought in the spring, especially after several days of high-temperature drought during the expansion of young fruit, sudden showers, rainfall intensity, short duration, rain, and continuous high temperatures will lead to the occurrence of apple crack disease. The fruit enlargement period is the key period for the fruit trees to need fertilizer and water. If drought and high temperature weather occurs, and the irrigation water is not irrigated in time, it will seriously affect the development of the peel cells, resulting in asynchrony with the development of pulp tissue. If sudden precipitation or artificial irrigation before harvesting, it can easily lead to swelling of the pulp cells, tearing of the cortical tissue, and the formation of fruit surface cracks. Most cracks occur in the fruit's rapid expansion or near maturity.
2. Soil conditions
Orchard soil nutrient conditions are closely related to the occurrence of apple crack disease. In the orchards with high soil organic matter content and balanced nutrients, cracks rarely occur. The content and changes of calcium, boron, nitrogen, potassium and other elements in the soil are directly related to the occurrence of cracks. When the content of calcium and boron in the soil is insufficient, or the nitrogen content is too high, the apple crack disease is intensified, and the application of boron fertilizer and calcium fertilizer to the soil and the application of potassium fertilizer all help to alleviate the occurrence of crack disease. Long-term grass orchards have a balanced nutrient and water supply in the orchard soil, and crack disease occurs lighter than the ploughed orchard.
3, cultivation and management
Orchard management is extensive, canopy closure, poor ventilation and light transmission, resulting in imperfect skin cuticle development, reduced elasticity, crack disease occurs. The positive side of the fruit is usually evenly colored, and cracks rarely occur. However, the fruit's dark side is prone to cracks, and in particular, the shaded areas adjacent to the two fruits often become concentrated areas of cracks. After bagging, fruit bags are also susceptible to cracking when exposed to rain or extreme hot weather.
Second, prevention and control measures
1, to strengthen orchard water management
Strengthening orchard water management is an effective measure to mitigate the occurrence of crack disease. Conditional orchards, as far as possible in the winter or early spring irrigation once permeable, and pay attention to fruit irrigation during irrigation, to maintain a stable soil moisture, so that the balanced growth of the fruit. In places with poor water conditions, grass or water-saving irrigation techniques in the orchard should be implemented, such as grass-covered drip irrigation and grass weeping to regulate soil moisture and nitrogen supply.
2. Strengthen orchard soil management
Pay attention to the application of orchard organic fertilizer and balanced fertilization, spraying a boron fertilizer bud stage, the young fruit period before the combination of spray spraying boron fertilizer, calcium supplement 2 times.
3. Pay attention to the comprehensive cultivation and management of orchards. The occurrence of dwarfing rootstocks is significantly higher than that of Qiaohua. In the cultivation, dwarfing trees should be deeply anviled, pruned and rejuvenated. To reduce the use of single-layer poor quality paper bags when bagging, choose high-quality double-layer three-color paper bags, especially in dry areas can also choose paper plus film bags. When bagging, the bag must be tightly fastened, so that rain does not flow into the bag. Minimize the use of pesticides that are irritating to the skin cells in young fruit. Leaf picking, fruit transfer, and floor-reflective film fill light in time to promote sound development of the skin. Optimize the tree shape, eliminate excessive branches, open the inter-layer light path, reduce the low light efficiency crown area, and create favorable conditions for uniform coloring of the fruit. Keep away from dry heat, windy, and hot, variable temperature weather when removing paper bags. Set of plastic film bags, with bag harvesting, storage and transportation.
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