There is a certain regularity in the accumulation and consumption of nutrients in the annual cycle of fruit trees, especially for deciduous fruit trees.
In the early stage of vegetative growth, the growth and development of roots, branches, leaves, flowers and fruit organs requires a large amount of nutrients, mainly consumption-type metabolism; in the latter half of the year, due to the formation of leaf curtains, photosynthetic products increase, nutrient accumulation is greater than consumption, and then transferred Storage-type metabolism, which is based on each other and promotes each other.
The nutrient source consumed in the early stage of fruit tree growth is mainly tree storage nutrition. It is certainly not enough to rely on the accumulation of fruit trees in the later stage. In the coming year, vegetative growth, flowering and fruit setting will be affected, so the application of base fertilizer is very important.
But the same amount of fertilizer, with the same amount, if the application time is different, the effect is also quite different, which is also said that "Autumn Shijin, winter Shi Yin, spring fertilization is rotten iron".
Why should the base fertilizer be autumn?
1 The nutrients consumed by the fruit trees from the early spring germination to the flowering and fruit setting are mainly the nutrients stored in the tree in the previous year. The period from the harvest of the fruit to the time before the fall is the best time to accumulate nutrients. The autumn base fertilizer can increase the nutrient reserve of the tree.
2 The temperature in winter and spring is low, and the decomposition of organic fertilizer is slow. During this time, organic fertilizer is applied and the fertilizer cannot be fully utilized. After the fertilizer is fully decomposed to exert the fertilizer effect, it often causes the secondary growth and development of the new shoots of the fruit trees, which adversely affects the flower bud differentiation and fruit setting rate of the fruit trees. Autumn is in the period of nutrient accumulation of fruit trees, the aboveground part basically stops growing, and the photosynthesis of leaf surface is still strong, which is conducive to accumulating more nutrients to the stems and branches.
3 Autumn application base fertilizer can increase the pores of the soil, make the soil loose, help the orchard to preserve water, prevent winter and spring drought, and also improve the ground temperature and prevent frost damage to the roots of fruit trees.
4 Autumn is the last growth peak of the root system in a year. Its life activity is strong, its ability to absorb nutrients is strong, and it is beneficial to delay leaf senescence, enhance the photosynthesis ability of autumn leaves, and increase the nutrient storage of trees.
5 In autumn, the soil temperature is higher and the moisture is better, which is beneficial to soil microbial activities. The applied organic fertilizer is fast and easy to be absorbed and utilized by roots. In addition, organic fertilizer forms humus under the action of microorganisms, improves soil organic matter content, changes soil aggregate structure, improves soil permeability, fertilizer retention and water retention capacity, and improves ground temperature, creating a good growth environment for fruit tree roots and ensuring fruit trees. Normal growth and development can promote fruit trees' high yield, stable yield, and early economic benefits.
6 Autumn application base fertilizer is beneficial to coordinate vegetative growth and reproductive growth. After the quick-acting nutrients in the fertilizer are absorbed, it can greatly enhance the function of autumn leaves, increase the accumulation of nutrients, and make the flower buds full and full. In the coming spring, the germination is early, the flowering is neat, and the spring shoots grow. Strong, large growth, is conducive to maintaining a strong and high-yield robust tree; while late-acting nutrients in the soil after a long period of decomposing decomposition, spring is easy to be absorbed and utilized, strengthen the late spring shoot development, improve the quality of the middle and short branches, And can stop in time, creating conditions for flower bud differentiation.
7 Improve the root growth environment and improve the tree's resistance to stress. Combined with autumn fertilization and deep soil turning, it can optimize soil structure, improve soil permeability, facilitate root respiration, and improve soil water storage and fertilizer retention.
8 Autumn is the strong period of root growth of fruit trees. At this time, the damaged roots caused by fertilization can heal quickly, and can quickly promote new roots, thereby increasing the number of roots absorbed, expanding the absorption area of ​​nutrients, and greatly improving the fertilizer. Utilization rate.
Specific method of autumn application of base fertilizer
Fertilization period
In general, the fertilization period is usually after the fruit trees are harvested until the autumn leaves. At the moment, the base fertilizer should be applied during this time, so it should be sooner rather than later. After the fruit trees are harvested, the earlier the application of the base fertilizer, the better the recovery of the fruit tree, which is beneficial to the filling of the branches and buds and the quality and quantity of the flower buds. Wangshu and Xuwang trees can be postponed appropriately, and weak trees or fruit trees should be properly advanced.
Type and quantity of base fertilizer applied
The type of base fertilizer is usually based on delayed organic fertilizers, such as humic acid, compost, manure, manure, manure, compound fertilizer and green manure, crop straw, weeds, branches and leaves, etc., supplemented by quick-acting fertilizer and medium-micro fertilizer. Biological bacterial fertilizer, so that the combination of delayed effect fertilizer and quick-acting fertilizer complement each other.
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be combined with each other in chemical fertilizers, but it is not suitable to apply too much quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer to prevent the branches from growing up and triggering winter shoots, which is not conducive to the accumulation of nutrients in fruit trees and the improvement of flower bud quality.
Fertilization method
The production is combined with deep-turning and soil-changing, using annular ditch application, radial ditch application, and ditch fertilization.
Ring groove casting: In the outer edge of the vertical projection of the canopy, dig a 50cm wide circular groove, mix the fertilizer and soil evenly into the ditch, and cover the trench in time. This method is mostly used for saplings.
Radial ditch application: starting from the trunk, starting from 1m from the tree, digging 4~8 fertilization ditch outwards, up to 50cm inside and outside the canopy, the depth of the ditch is 15cm near the trunk, and gradually deeper to 50cm. The law applies to adult fruit trees.
Ditch fertilization method: dit the width of each 50cm in the opposite sides of the canopy. The ditch length depends on the size of the canopy. The fertilization should be rotated year by year. This method is often used in dense orchards.
Precautions
When applying farmyard manure, be sure to be decomposed!
The order of fertilization is to apply organic fertilizer and biological bacterial fertilizer first, and then apply the compound fertilizer and medium and trace element fertilizer after backfilling the topsoil.
This aspect of hydration must also be followed up in a timely manner. The combination of water and fertilizer will help improve fertilizer efficiency.
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