The biggest feature of modern swine production is large scale, strict management of all-in and out-of-production production process, from the mating plan to lactation, from breeding to fattening, and every link needs strict management. Otherwise, There is no good return on production. Controlling a pipe is a must for every pig producer. It must not be overlooked. The basic principles of feeding and management: As the saying goes: To keep pigs well, dry food Sperm: There are good boars, good slopes, good sows, and good nests. All of these are farmers' words and they are worth carrying forward. Lazy pigs are more dirty, pigs have the normative behaviors of eating, pulling, and living in triangulation. The breeder must pay attention to the training and use. The feeding must be done in four stages: timed; quantitative, so that the pigs will not be full and weak. Pigs go hungry; set temperature, material and water winter and spring, cool in summer and autumn; set quality, ensure fresh feed, nutrition, change the feed is recommended to adopt a transitional way. Grab three changes in the feeding method, change a single feed to feed, to meet Different growth and physiological stages of the pig's nutritional needs; to change the raw material for the wet mix feed, the ratio of material to water is 1:1~ 1.5 (that is, hand-gripping is not water, loose hands are not wet), the advantages of wet mixes are conducive to pig feeding and chewing, the disadvantages in the hot season, not easy to store, easy to cause rancidity; to raise the pigs for timely slaughter , Sanyuan pig recommended slaughter weight of 90-100 kg is appropriate, the specific circumstances should be determined according to the market. Grasp two points of management, sub-column feeding is conducive to production management. The principle of two points is by sex, age, weight, strong Weak, fast feeding and reasonable use of production purposes; adult boar, sows and lactating sows in late pregnancy should be kept in a single pen, weaned sows, empty sows can be reared in small groups, pre-pregnancy, mid-2-3 columns It is better to use a single lap when the conditions permit. In late pregnancy, the gilts should enter the delivery room 7-10 days before delivery. It is not appropriate to put the sows early. The group can take a weak one without leaving a strong one.昼 昼 昼 昼 昼 昼 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二 二. Survival rate, nurturing rate, fully stocked, high yield for multiple births is the purpose of management. Sow rearing management 1, gilts (1) Selection of spare pigs: The pig farm should eliminate 5-10% of the sows each year so that the production can be continued. The quality of the spare pigs selected or reserved for purchase is closely related to the subsequent production levels. When selecting sows, refer to the following. Several conditions: At least 6 pairs of well-developed, well-distributed nipples, of which at least three correspond before the umbilicus. The gilts with no openings or inversions of the nipples should not be preserved. Well-built, well-balanced, including the dorsal line Straight, tidy and tidy, easy to walk and comfortable pigs usually have these characteristics. Short-term sows with sharp hips or standing difficulties have a short life span. Do not use them. Physical health, and the same fetal pigs have no genetic defects, at least with the fetus There are nine or more sows whose former sow births should be given more. It is better to use binary crosses when producing pigs. External genital organs are well developed. Motherhood is good, mood is disturbed or temperament is small. Pigs should not be kept. The first estrus should occur before 180 days of age. (2) Feeding and management of gilts The management of gilts is mainly to ensure the full play of its excellent reproductive performance. In general feeding conditions, gilts Can be placed in larger housing, but not super 10 heads to guarantee the development of their limbs. To supply compound feed, especially protein levels, vitamin A, D, E, calcium, and phosphorus levels have a direct impact on heat, ovulation, abortion, 5-6 months of age, mining Feeding 2-2.5 kg/head per day, feeding 2-3 times, with sufficient drinking water, the piggery should be cleaned daily. Always ask for 90 kg at 6 months of age and 100-110 kg for growing pigs. Can be equipped with species. Lyrical is also very important, as the saying goes: empty sow bacheng crickets, easy to give birth to child high, too fat or too thin, heat. Ovulation less, weak egg viability, often not estrus or after pregnancy with no pregnancy. 2 weeks before mating, the aphrodisiac was fed and the feeding amount was gradually increased to 3 kg/day, and 2.5 kg/day was resumed after mating. This can increase ovulation and avoid affecting fertilized egg implantation. Of course, According to the actual situation, in order to ensure timely estrus in gilts, young boars of about 10 months of age can be kept in the sibling adjacent to the sow or boars can be placed in the sow for 10-15 minutes each day to stimulate the gilts. Swine estrus. To prevent gilts from being born less and affect their own development, they are generally allowed to overuse their two estruss and to mate with the third estrus. (3) Affected and mated (including sows) local breed pigs are significantly more estrus than purebred pigs, and are much more intense. Therefore, the characteristics of the sow's changing estrus should be captured in production so that timely breeding can occur: Behavioral changes: Appetite Decline, irritability, love crawling; ears erect, arched back, body trembling, tail swing up and down; vulva changes: when the vaginal mucous membrane is dark red, with a small amount of white mucus, the pustule is swollen, there is a slight wrinkle; Pressure back reaction: With both hands properly pressing the back of the sow, the pig does not move around, and some breeders ride onto the back of the pig and do not leave; Receiving boar Crawl: If gilts and weaned sows are kept in captivity, to avoid missed periods The boar can also be put into the sow house every day to allow the boar to try it out. When the estrus sow is present, it can be mated on its own. The amount of feed and the quality of the material should not be changed within three days after mating to avoid overheating. The fertilized egg is dead; the effective time for mating is approximately 12-36 hours after the start of oestrus. The first breeding should be completed 12-16 hours after the start of standing estrus and the second time after 12-24 hours. Secondary breeding. If the sow is properly managed during lactation, there is no disease, moderate sensation, The estrus can be bred 4-7 days after weaning. In the weaning period, the sows should be given 2-3 kg of feed each day. The first and second days of weaning should not be used to feed sows with dry milk. Because this will affect the estrus of the sow. If the estrus of the weaning sow is delayed, the estrus will occur in 8-12 days, so it is better to wait for the next situation to match. Because the weaning sow 6-12 days of mating and pregnancy, its production The number of litters will be less. If the estrus performance is not observed after two periods of sow mating, the sow may be preliminarily determined to be pregnant. 2. The focus of the management of sows in gestating sows is to prevent miscarriage and increase litter size. Piglets are born young and are ready for childbirth and lactation. Identification of pregnant sows After sow mating, no estrus after an estrus cycle, docile temperament, increased appetite, increased hair growth, increased fasting, and abdomen gradually growing , Stable behavior and lethargy phenomenon, can be judged as pregnancy. Sow pregnancy time 112-114 days. fake estrus tail drooping naturally or with the tail to go with the tail, and the boar reaction is not obvious, generally refused to mate. Pregnant sows The principle of feeding and feeding: According to the number of days of pregnancy (the degree of piglet development) and the feeding of lyrics, there are generally four kinds of feeding methods: Grasping the middle of the two heads, that is, the nutritional level is high-low-high, suitable for sow post-weaning sows. The previous high finger refers to a total of about one month's nutrition from 10 days before mating to 20 days after mating. The latter high refers to the nutritional level after 80 days of pregnancy, and is higher than the previous one to ensure the normal development of the fetus. The intermediate phase can be kept at the standard level of quality. The backgammon method is suitable for the maternal mothers during maternal and lactation. Pigs. The level of nutrition throughout the pregnancy should be gradually increased according to the fetal weight growth, reaching the peak one month before delivery. Pre-coarse and fine, suitable for pre-breeding sows in good condition. One after the other, suitable for feeding Feeding to inexperienced feeders. The feeding volume of pregnant sows should be basically the same from the first day of pregnancy till delivery, 2-3 kg per day, 3 days before delivery, and the amount of feeding after the farrowing should be increased. , Until 7-8 kg per day. Management of pregnant sows during early pregnancy, sows are protected from the effects of heat stress, so as not to cause miscarriage or early embryonic death; no whipping, chasing and harsh treatment of sows, no loud shouting, To prevent stillbirth and abortion. At the same time, it is best to adopt Feed with a single bar to prevent biting. Do not feed with mildew, freezing, poisonous and irritating feeds to prevent miscarriage. Pig farms with a history of parasitic diseases drive the worm with ivermectin twice a year. Material, 2ppm concentration before mating, can also be carried out 2 weeks before labor. Laboring sows transferred to the delivery room in the prenatal 7-10 days to adapt to the environment, while paying attention to the breast, legs, part of the vulva clean, quality housing and pig body The clean and hygienic. Can not be injected with swine fever vaccine two weeks before the birth, to prevent the death of fetal attenuated virulence. The temperature of the housing is kept at about 20°C. It is found that the sick pigs are treated and disinfected in time, and it is forbidden to use drugs that cause miscarriage (such as dexamethasone). Etc.) 3, nursing sow nursing sows management sows 40 days before the onset of labor, 15 days were injected E. coli vaccine. 5-7 days before delivery into the delivery room to adapt to the environment, the quality of the delivery room dry, clean and hygienic. Postpartum forced mother The pig stands, exercises, stands up to eat, and restores body condition. It is particularly important to protect the sow's nipples, udders, and first-born pigs, paying particular attention to the full use of each nipple. Take artificially assisted methods to allow the sow to grow on both sides. The habit of lying down and fixing the nipple to the piglets so as not to affect the later breasts In addition, for sows that have fewer litters, poor pupa, poor suckling ability, premature birth, and stillbirth, weaned sows earlier and litters litter, making full use of each nipple of the sow. For sows giving birth: 1 Good preparation for confinement; pre-production sows to enter the delivery room, overhaul the equipment in the delivery room, thoroughly clean and rinse, disinfect the delivery room, prepare the confinement equipment and drugs, and observe the performance of the sows entering the house at any time: 24 hours before delivery, they are often excited , frequent urination, restlessness, fish nest, often stand up and change the lying position; phimosis, breast enlargement and bright. When the vulva out of a small amount of mucus and all nipples can be squeezed out of thick milk, the sows will soon be 6 About 2 hours after childbirth. Dirty and difficult labor treatment: The sow should have special care during childbirth, keep the quiet environment of the delivery room, ensure the whole cervix live, prevent difficult labor. The normal sow giving birth is a pig every 5-30 minutes. It took 2.5 to 5 hours to finish the production. If the sow forced her to refuse to remove the placenta, and there was no fetal output at intervals of more than 45 minutes, it would be difficult to produce. At this time, the sow could be taken to stand up. If it does not work, it should be disinfected. The hand slowly extends into the birth canal to help pull out the piglet. If the vagina is empty, the cervix At the time of opening, 1 ml (10 international units) of oxytocin can be injected intramuscularly. No piglets will be produced after 1-2 hours. One more shot will be injected. If it is still invalid, caesarean section may be considered. After giving birth, assisting Sows should be injected with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Daily feeding and management practices and work habits should not be changed, it is forbidden to feed moldy feeds and sudden changes in feed. In order to maintain normal lactation patterns. Feeding sows in pre-natal 5- 7 days, sows with good body condition can be reduced by 10%-20%, which is beneficial to prevent sow suffering from mastitis and piglets diarrhea, but should also add some protein-rich prolactin feed and Chinese medicine to body leanness. Within 2-3 days after delivery, due to the weak sow's constitution, the metabolic function has not returned to normal, and the amount of feed should not be excessive. It should be based on the appetite of the sow and gradually increase the amount of feeding, it is best to feed easily digestible with light diarrhea The feed, such as gruel-like millet porridge or bran soup, is better with brown sugar. During the entire lactation period, the sow loses about 30% of its body weight. Within 30 days of lactation, the weight loss accounts for about 15%-20%. The sows must be precooked and thickened to promote their reclamation, but they should not be fed with fat. For sows that are born and in good condition, The use of feeding methods has been consistently enhanced. In terms of feeding technology, it is recommended to feed two meals a day for 3-4 meals. When weaning, it is appropriate to reduce the fine material, and to give back the milk traditional Chinese medicine to promote early delivery. Said that the amount of feed can be controlled by 2.5% to 3% of body weight, but it must not be mechanically unchanged. In a word, it depends on the amount of feed. Factors that influence sow's lactation 1 Variety: The amount of sow's lactation is not In the same way, large meat-type or combined-type pig breeds have higher milking power, and smaller-scale or less-fat-fat breeder pigs have lower milking power. 2 Parity: Pre-production sows have lower milking power than sows Generally 2-3 after the fetus rises later maintains the certain level, after 6-7 embryos begins to fall. 3 breeds the litter number: General situation gives birth to a lot of, the lactation quantity is higher. 4 raises and manages: The quiet comfortable environment favors the sow Lactation, milk production at night is higher than during the day, do not easily change feeding habits. 5 climatic conditions: favorable climate conducive to sows, hot summer and cold winter, lactation will reduce the amount of .6 Nutritional level: high quality feed for lactating production If the nutrition is insufficient, the sow's lactation performance cannot be exerted. The boar's husbandry and management must be robust. Hoof, good semen quality and docile task temperament, complete the mating task. One species of boars can pay 20-30 sows for mating tasks, artificial insemination can reproduce nearly 10,000 piglets. Therefore, management of boars It is very important to increase the utilization rate of the pig farm. 1. Training of reserve boars for reserve boars: Reserve boars are generally used above 8 months of age and weigh over 120 kg. The minimum age for use is not lower than August. Age and breed should be kept in the gestation room for 45 days before use to adapt to the environment. At the same time, it must be accompanied by the frequent entry and exit of the breeder, so that the reserve boar can quickly become familiar with the environment and breeding operators, and train back-up boars in and out of the pigsty and on the road. On the walk, don't disturb the boar breeding during the breeding process. When the reserve boar crawls for the first time, if the direction is wrong, it is necessary to train patiently. At this time, it is better to select the first litter sow to train the reserve boar. In addition, gilts can be selected for training. The boars and sows are adjusted to the right place in the circle, the assisted boar inserts the penis into the vagina and ensures that the boar completes ejaculation. Use of the reserve boar: young boar per Weekly breeds must not exceed 3 The breeding period is not less than 3 days. When the new boars are mated, do not always have human assistance to prevent boars from becoming dependent on their behavior. Feeding of boars: when the amount of feeding is less than 120 kg, 2.5-3.6 kg/kg Days with feed, up to 120 kg per day 1.8-2.7 kg, continued until the end of breeding. 2, the use of boar management species of boar: boar according to species, age, reasonable use of physical fitness, try to use young boar breeding. Boars over 1.5 years old can be bred 4-5 times a week, boars 2-5 years old can be used 5-6 times a week, boars can be rested for 2-3 days after mating, and unused for more than 14 days. Pig breeding can lead to reduced litter size. Fever and heat-stressed boars can lead to decreased sperm motility. Therefore boar fever is forbidden for use within one month and boar heat stress is avoided. For boars with poor sexual performance, the prostate can be used. Promotes libido. Intramuscular injection of 175 micrograms of cloprostenol can increase mating behavior within 10 minutes. Boars normally crawl and ejaculate. However, in hot summer, prostaglandins can cause overheating of boars. This season is strictly prohibited. 4. Breeding and management of boars: The boars are bred in single laps, and the quality boars are not fat or skinny and have a light body shape. Days to move. Staff should keep a certain distance from the boar, not back to the boar, not to whip the boar, avoid boar attack managers. Strengthen the boar movement, prevent boar bite frame. The use of purebreds and hybrids There is a certain difference in food intake. When no breeding is performed, about 2.5 kg can be fed daily depending on the size of the individual, and boars used for mating are fed about 3 kg per day. The elimination principle of the boar 1 The ratio of the slaughter of the slaughtered females 2 boars with low libido and poor breeding ability. 3 boars with bodily extremities and large boars. 4 boars with poor semen quality. Breeding boars. 6 Boars to eliminate attacking workers. Third, the feeding and management of suckling piglets. The suckling piglet suckling piglet has three critical periods. It often talks about three levels, namely the first birth, the feed clearance, and the weaning pass, in science. Under the premise of confinement, the primary emphasis is on the prevention of yellow piglets, white fleas, and timely feeding of colostrum to the suckling pigs, and pay attention to antifreeze and anti-blood pressure. The second pass is feed supplementation, and the sow’s milk production is generally 21 days after delivery. Left and right reach a peak, later decline, can not meet the needs of piglets growth and development. 7-10 days of age Start feeding, prepare for early weaning. The third level is weaning and early weaning; 3-4 weeks weaning, adopt two maintenance, three transition methods, ie, maintaining the original circle, raw feed, and gradually feeding, feeding The three transitions of the system and the environment should be specific to the following tasks: Newly born piglets should be wiped dry, remove mucous from the nose and mouth, and then placed in a warm, dry place. Ambulance of dead pigs: Some piglets are born It seems to be dead, but the heart is still beating. For this kind of pig, you can put up two hind legs and then beat the ribs on both sides to stimulate the breathing until the piglet coughs. The piglets can cut off the teeth within 24 hours after birth. Good colostrum: The intestinal mucosa has the ability to absorb immunoglobulins (antibodies) within 24 hours of the birth of the piglet, so the piglet should be fixed nipples after birth so that each pig can eat colostrum, so that the piglets have resistance to disease. Insulation: The temperature in the three-week-old inner incubator is kept at 28°C-30°C. Since the piglets are born with the sow because of their nature, the piglets should be placed in the incubator so that they can consciously return there after feeding. Iron: 2-3 days after birth, 200 mg of iron preparation per intramuscular injection to prevent anemia. Go : Early castration of boars in commercial pig farms can reduce irritation and wounds are easy to heal. They can be implemented from 24 hours to one week after birth. Replenishment: After 3 days of birth, supply piglets with drinking water to ensure their growth needs. To promote piglet growth and reduce the stress of eating after weaning, piglets are fed at 7 days of age. The method is to sprinkle a little piglet on a dry clean board. After 3-4 days, when the piglets start to feed the sucker feed , you can use the trough. The remaining part of the day should be discarded, feed trough after cleaning and disinfection, should be fed 5-6 times a day. 2, weaned piglet weaned piglets are also called nursery piglets, its adaptation to the environment, Compared with newborn piglets, there is still a big gap compared with adult pigs. Therefore, this period is mainly to control the environment of the pig house and the environment within the pig herd, reduce stress, and control disease. Just weaned piglets still need to use sucker feed for a week Left and right, but don't let them overeat to prevent diarrhoea. Then use piglet feed and piglet feed to gradually reduce the proportion of suckling pig feed. After 10 to 14 days, all piglets feed can be changed, and then you can eat freely. If there is a limited number of weaned pigs, the original nest can be reared. If the number of weaned litters is large, it should be based on the piglet body. Put together the size, the trough should meet the requirements, and maintain sufficient drinking water. A litter of piglets can be weaned at one time with even uniformity of body weight. If individual piglets are small in size, they can be placed on similarly-sized unweaned piglets. Weaning after prolonged period of time. Prevention of biting tail, ears and other bad habits. In the feeding of compound feed, when the temperature and humidity are appropriate, there may still be mutual biting phenomenon, which is a nature of piglets. Rubber rings, iron chains, and plastic bottles allow them to play, distracting and reducing biting. The weaner pig houses have a higher density and the piglets prefer activities. Therefore, pigs raised on the ground must pay special attention to dust. Indoor air quality. Handle the relationship between ventilation and heat preservation to prevent the occurrence of respiratory diseases. Before and after the use of the pig house, it must be completely cleaned and disinfected. After drying, it should be used after drying. Then it should be used for cleaning and cleaning. , To prevent the infection of diseases. IV. Rearing and management of fattening pigs (1) Outsourcing of piglet fattening 1, Selection of healthy piglets in no-epidemic areas, Quality of piglets. 2. After piglets are transferred back, first drink sanitation water, and then feed, 5 - Cannot overeat for food within 7 days After adapting to the environment, transfer to normal feeding. 3. Do not rush to prevent immunization, and reduce human-induced stress (such as castration, insect repellent, etc.). (B) After self-propagation piglets, they can be used after 2 weeks. Boar castration, 50-day-old deworming, maintaining drinking water hygiene and comfortable conservation environment. After weaning, keep feeds unchanged for 7-10 days, add neomycin, lignomycin, water-soluble electrolyte, etc. to drinking water, can reduce Weaning stimuli and diarrhea. (C) to adopt a consistent fattening method, the energy level is gradually increased, the protein level is high before and after low. 20-50 kilograms fed 3 times a day, the amount of daily feeding is 5%-6% of body weight; 50-100 The amount of kilograms fed is 4%-5% of body weight and 2 times daily. (D) Growing and fattening pigs can fully exert the role of nutrition level under proper environmental conditions. We must pay attention to the temperature and humidity inside the circle. The influence of air flow, light, microbes, harmful gases, noise, density and other factors. Reasonable conditions to meet, increasing daily, material and meat ratio is more economical. (5) Timely slaughter, 90-100 kg is appropriate, specific slaughter weight should be based on the local Depending on the market and cost accounting.
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