In recent years, as the price of grapes has risen step by step and the planting efficiency has increased steadily, the enthusiasm of farmers to grow grapes has increased, and the investment in grape planting has also increased. Recently, the author went to Xiawan Village, Wodi Village, Raoyang, and the technical guidance of Wangluosi Village in Shenzhou City. Some of the fruit farmers had less than 1 mu of grain and the cost of applying fertilizer was as high as 500 yuan! Excessive fertilization causes frequent fat damage and severe root burning. Here are some unscientific fertilization methods that the author knows about going to the countryside. Fruit farmers may wish to check if you have these problems.
First, the new planting of vines, the new roots do not grow out to fertilize, or the base fertilizer is too shallow, resulting in dead seedlings
Newly planted vines usually have new roots grown when the tendrils grow. Excessive fertilizer is applied before the new root grows. On the one hand, the seedlings are difficult to absorb water, on the other hand, it is difficult for new roots to grow. In the case of high temperature weather, the ground part is dry and dead. Before the new root grows, it is only suitable for foliar supplement nutrition. It can be sprayed with urea water 500 times liquid + Nonglaixin potassium dihydrogen phosphate 600 times liquid leaf spray, sprayed once every 5 days, even sprayed 3 times. When spraying fertilizer, it is best to choose to spray when the afternoon is not too hot, and quickly spray. In addition, when the new root just grows out, it is not suitable to use a high concentration of fertilizer, and it can apply amino acid raw powder and bacterial fertilizer.
Second, after germination, it is found that the leaves are yellowed and fertilized and watered a lot.
Before germination to flowering, 65% of the nutrients came from the storage of the tree in the previous year. At this time, the tree showed yellowing, mainly due to insufficient nutrient accumulation in the tree last year. The related factors are: high yield in the previous year, late harvesting, insufficient nutrient accumulation; late fall mildew caused leaf fall early; late last year, there were many nitrogen fertilizers, and the branches could not mature normally when the leaves were deciduous; If the roots or fertilization amount is too large, the roots will die a lot; the base fertilizer will be applied too late or the spring will be fertilized, and the roots will be damaged a lot. All of these reasons are basically related to the weak and weak root system. The temperature rises rapidly in early spring and the ground temperature rises slowly. If a large amount of fertilization and watering is selected, the soil temperature will be lower and the root absorption capacity will be worse, plus the root itself. If it is weak, it will appear that the more watering and fertilization, the less prolonged. In this case, on the one hand, it is necessary to loosen the soil, improve the ground temperature, and at the same time, to supplement the nutrition of the foliage, you can refer to the above-mentioned foliar fertilization scheme.
Third, the treetop yellowing or the whole tree yellowing will blindly supplement the iron fertilizer
In some vineyards, the leaves of the treetops are yellowed, and even the leaves of the whole tree are yellowish in color. The symptoms are very similar to iron deficiency. It is not necessarily the lack of iron in the soil. Most of the soil is cold and wet, the roots are poorly breathed, and the absorption capacity is weak. Iron and other elements are difficult to absorb. This phenomenon occurs mostly in greenhouse grapes or in vineyards where the mulch is covered and the soil moisture is too large. Fertilizing or watering at this time will lower the ground temperature and aggravate the symptoms of iron deficiency. Elements such as leaf iron supplementation are not a substitute for root absorption, and can only be used to treat the symptoms. When the amount of fertilizer applied is too large, it is easy to burn roots. The first thing to solve in this situation is the problem of soil permeability and root respiration vitality. Loosing and dehumidification are effective measures. The roots are good, the roots are good, the trees are strong, the trees are strong, and the output is going up. However, there are fewer physiological diseases.
Fourth, the more fertilizer, the higher the yield
Many grape growers believe that the more fertilized the grapes grow, the better the yield. According to the author's many years of experiments, the vineyards with high-concentration fertilizers have lower yields and worse quality than the vineyards with medium and low-concentration fertilizers. When the tree is too close to the fertilization, not only the absorption and utilization rate is low, but also the coarse root system is easily burned, which has a great impact on the growth of the tree. If a large number of roots die in the previous year, the germs spread along the roots of death, which will cause the branches in the next year to suddenly die.
5. Only drip fertilizer when drip irrigation, no dripping water
When drip irrigation in individual orchards, fertilizer is added every time, and the fertilizer is stopped immediately after the fertilizer is dripped. Since the amount of water per drop is limited, the water on the surface evaporates, causing the fertilizer concentration in the soil to become higher and higher, and finally the root system is burned out. The integration of water and fertilizer should be drip for 15 minutes before dropping the fertilizer.
Sixth, fresh chicken manure or pig manure simple compost is considered to be ripe
Fresh chicken manure or pig manure contains more nitrogen, phosphorus and other ingredients, and the price is low. There are several problems to be paid when applying: First, the ammonia and putrescine (odor) contained in the grape leaves and roots Great damage. Second, many pathogens and nematodes will be brought in. Third, heavy metal pollution. This will increase the salt content of the soil, and the salt content of many dried chicken manures exceeds 10%. The long-term application causes soil salinization. Fourth, it causes excessive nitrogen fertilizer and imbalance between elements. Fresh chicken manure or pig manure is simply composted, and harmful bacteria and nematodes are not reduced throughout the process, losing part of the nitrogen fertilizer (ammonia and putrescine) and affecting the environment. This fertilizer is applied to the soil and can easily cause severe root burning or root rot. Fresh chicken manure or pig manure needs to be piled up with organic materials such as wet straw. After high-temperature fermentation, the nitrogen, phosphorus, etc. in chicken manure or pig manure are used and transformed by microorganisms. The form of harm is more easily absorbed by the grapes, and the NPK will be more balanced. Moreover, in the high-temperature fermentation process, harmful germs and nematodes are killed in large quantities, making grapes safer and making the soil healthier. Chicken manure or pig manure after high-temperature fermentation and decomposing, smells no odor, distributes white hyphae, unbleached chicken manure or pig manure, does not see hyphae, and smells stinky.
It is recommended that the fruit grower ferment the chicken manure and pig manure by itself, with low cost and good effect.
7. Acidified soil, continue to apply physiological acid fertilizer
The pH of the soil affects the absorption of mineral elements by the grape. At the same time, the soil pH is closely related to the activity and population distribution of the microorganisms, and also has a great influence on the growth and development of the grapes. Under acidic conditions, soil organic matter is decomposed, soil buffer capacity is reduced, soil compaction is caused, water permeability and permeability are deteriorated, and the growth and development of crops are seriously affected. Acidic soils breed fungi, root rot and root-knot nematodes increase. In general old orchards, soil acidification occurs due to the continuous application of sulfur-based or chlorine-based fertilizers for many years. If the soil has been acidified, it is not advisable to apply these physiologically acidic fertilizers. It should be adjusted with physiological alkaline fertilizers, either alone or in combination with other fertilizers.
8. Excessive application of phosphate fertilizer affects the absorption of calcium and some trace elements.
When the phosphorus is excessive, it will affect the absorption of zinc, iron, boron and manganese by the grapes. Excessive phosphorus will simultaneously cure the ionic calcium and magnesium and reduce absorption. The absorption of calcium and magnesium by grapes is much greater than the absorption of phosphorus.
Nine, fertilization at high temperature
The application of quick-acting phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the early stage of fruit ripening can not only improve the fruit quality, but also strengthen the tree's disease resistance. However, at this time, the temperature is high and the soil is not good. If the water is not timely after fertilization, the concentration of fertilizer absorbed by the root system is large, and the leaf edge is degraded after fertilization, which impairs the function of the leaves and affects photosynthesis, thereby affecting the quality and price of the fruit. At the same time, the disease resistance of the leaves decreased. If it is rainy in the later stage, the disease of the leaves will be serious, and even the leaves will fall early.
Ten, the fertilizer application balance is wrong
Some fruit farmers believe that the application of NPK content of 15 fertilizers is balanced fertilization, which is only a balanced ratio of fertilizers, and has nothing to do with scientific balanced fertilization. It is a true balanced fertilization technique to apply different proportions of fertilizer according to different crop growth stages. Spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution in the pre-flowering, young fruit, and expansion period to ensure that the nutrients and water of the fruit tree are saturated and the pulp is needed for development and expansion. If the autumn fertilization is carried out, if there is no shortage of fertilizer before the flower, try not to use a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer, especially the Jufeng series, to prevent overnutrition, causing falling flowers and falling fruits. The flowering stage should be based on phosphate fertilizer, with boron, zinc, iron and other trace elements, so that the length of the new shoots is appropriate. When the leaves are hypertrophic, the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied. The fruit coloring period is mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. After the fruit is harvested, the appropriate amount of NPK compound fertilizer is applied to promote the early recovery of fruit trees and avoid premature aging.
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