How to cultivate pollution-free peppers? Compared with the general pepper varieties, the pollution-free pepper planting is more demanding on the soil, because only the high-quality pollution-free soil in the pepper seedling and planting process can ensure that the final pepper seedlings and finished products are in line with China. Specific indicators of pollution-free vegetables.
1 Key technical points for high-yield cultivation of pepper
1.1 Soil preparation
When preparing for pollution-free pepper soil, the most important indicators are soil pH, moisture content, organic matter level and heavy metals. In general, the pollution-free pepper cultivation in Xuanhan County requires a soil pH of 6 to 6.6, and the soil must maintain good water permeability and permeability. In order to ensure the nutrients needed for the growth of pollution-free peppers, ensure adequate supply, avoid the problem of continuous cropping of peppers, and do not plant pollution-free peppers in the soil of the Solanaceae crops in the year. The chemical pesticide residues in the soil cannot exceed the standard. Nitrate and harmful heavy metals should not exceed the standard.
1.2 Variety selection and treatment
The key to high-yield cultivation of pollution-free peppers is to select high-yield and high-quality pepper varieties. Therefore, in the selection process of pepper varieties, it should be consistent with the climatic conditions of Xuanhan and the market demand of local pollution-free peppers, and choose high-yield, stable, high-quality, high-resistance pests and diseases. The fine pepper varieties, such as the farmers' professional cooperatives in Xuanhan County, combine the current climatic conditions, the market demand quota, and the orders for pollution-free vegetables signed with other companies in the process of planting peppers, and choose the pollution-free pepper variety Shi spicy one. No., Shi spicy No. 5 for cultivation. After selecting the pollution-free pepper varieties, it is necessary to soak seeds and germination treatments. Scientific and rational soaking and germination can significantly improve the disease resistance and growth rate of pepper seeds. 1d before sowing, soak in the warm water of 50 °C for 1h, then wash it with water, then soak it in cold water for 24h, remove the seeds floating on the water layer directly after removal, and remove the remaining plants. Spread out, you can raise the seedlings after drying.
1.3 nursery
Generally speaking, the main breeding time of Xuanhan pollution-free vegetables is before the Spring Festival. In some places in Sichuan Province, seedlings are planted in March-April, no seedlings are planted, and the seedling age is 40 days. It can be planted in late May. Generally, the seedling age is about 35 days, and the plant can be colonized when there are about 8 leaves. Since the temperature of the pollution-free pepper varieties is higher after sowing to the seedling stage, the hotbed should cover the mulch for soil conservation in time, and build a small arch shed to cover the shading net for shading. When the seed emergence rate is higher than 85%, the mulch can be uncovered. . Covering the shade net is about 9:30, and it will be opened around 16:00. The coverage and uncovering of the shade net can be adjusted according to the condition of the pepper seedlings and the weather conditions, and no cover is added on cloudy days. In the period when the first true leaves of pollution-free peppers appeared to the bud stage, the temperature of the seedbed during the day was generally around 26 °C, the temperature at night should be around 16 °C, and the temperature difference between day and night was generally around 10 °C. The key to seedbed management in the autumn and winter season is to avoid excessive temperatures, especially at night when the temperature is too high. The temperature of the seedbed is adjusted by using the sunshade net, ventilation and rainproof, and timely pouring water in the rain, so as to avoid the seedlings developing too fast and early flower bud differentiation.
1.4 seedlings
In the process of seedlings of pollution-free peppers, ensure sufficient water. After the seedlings are completed, the temperature can be adjusted appropriately. During the day, the temperature can be controlled at about 28 °C, and at night, around 17 °C. After 5 days, the slow seedling period is over, and the temperature can be properly adjusted. Down, the temperature can be controlled at around 23 °C during the day and around 14 °C at night. The specific management method is similar to the cultivation of seedbed management. The quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer can be applied in combination with the seedbed watering for about 13 days before planting. The specific dosage is ammonium nitrate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate, which are mixed according to the mass of 2:1 into 500 times liquid.
1.5 colonization
Non-polluted peppers should be sprayed once on the seedlings within 3 days before planting. The specific dosage and dosage is 10% imidacloprid 2000 times solution + 20% morpholinium hydrochloride 500 times solution + 72.2% creamer hydrochloride salt 600 times Liquid, to prevent and control various pests and diseases. The seedbed is drenched with water, and the seedlings are planted on sunny days without wind. Each row is planted in two rows. The row spacing and plant spacing are 55cm and 40cm respectively. The number of plants per 667m is about 2 500, and the seedling depth is set to leaves. Just barely exposed to the ground, can not be planted too deep.
2 Field management measures during pepper cultivation
2.1 Strengthening field management
Non-polluted pepper can achieve high yield and stable yield, which is directly related to field management efficiency and quality. Therefore, it is necessary to do field management of pollution-free vegetables, regular field fertilization, weeding and watering, so as to ensure the healthy development of pollution-free peppers and enhance plant growth. Survival rate. The main field management measures are as follows:
1) Fertilize in the field. After 10 days of transplanting, apply 45% of compound fertilizer 2.5 kg per 667 m to apply root fertilizer; then apply fertilizer once every 20 days, the first top dressing will apply 5 kg per 667 m, the second top dressing per 667 m is applied to 10 kg, the third and fourth doses are 7.5 kg and 10 kg per 667 m, respectively, and the fifth and sixth top dressings are 7.5 kg per 667 m, which is also the first and the first The amount of topdressing after secondary picking.
2) Watering. After the cultivation of pollution-free peppers is completed, watering should be done according to the field moisture to ensure that the soil moisture meets the seedling growth requirements. In the high temperature and drought period, because of the large amount of evaporation, it is best to choose morning or afternoon to carry out, generally watering 2 times, in the rainy days, it is necessary to promptly remove the accumulated water on the ground to avoid the pollution-free pepper roots. Eventually caused death.
3) Weeding and weeding. During the growth and development of pollution-free peppers, most of the first peppers will grow in the first bifurcation. Lateral buds and side branches will appear in the base position. If the pruning is not timely, the plants will have more low-node branches. Conducive to ventilation and light, is not conducive to the healthy development of pollution-free peppers. Therefore, it is necessary to remove the branches of the base in time, and only keep the top two or three leaves to promote the rapid development of pepper seedlings and increase the amount of peppers to be fruited. At the same time, we must do field weeding and soil conservation in time to avoid plant lodging or Lugan.
2.2 Integrated pest management
The main pests and diseases of pollution-free peppers include blight, stem-based rot, powdery mildew, yellow streak, blight, anthracnose, vaccination, aphids, and cotton bollworm.
1) The apical virus is most common in the field. The main features are poor plant development, yellow fern leaves and easy to fall off.
2) The main symptoms of yellow streak disease are also reflected on the leaves. The leaves are deformed and faded. Some textures appear in the later stage, and brown streaks appear on the stems. The main feature is necrosis.
3) Anthracnose is a fungal disease. It is most common in the cultivation of pollution-free peppers. It is more harmful to fruits and leaves. Some of them infect the stems. In the pollution-free peppers, they can be divided into red and black. There are three types of black spot anthrax.
4) The disease is a devastating disease of pollution-free pepper. During the growth period, the roots, stems, leaves and fruits of peppers are affected by the disease. The seedling stage is mainly characterized by some boiling water and scald in the stem, and some irregularities appear. The brown spots gradually soften and rot until they die.
5) When the virus infects the roots of the plants, it will show gray and brown, moist and irregular spots, and even some will turn black, and finally rot and die. When infesting leaves of plants, most of the cotyledons will be round or oval, with greenish yellow at the edges of the leaves, brown at the center, and finally rotted. When the fruit is infested, the symptoms begin to appear from the fruit syrup, mainly showing the scalding of boiling water until the appearance of dark brown, and finally the whole or partial rot.
For the prevention and control of pollution-free pepper pests and diseases, the most important thing is to select resistant varieties, thus reducing the incidence of pests and diseases. Once a lesion occurs, such as stem rot, the initial dose can be 500 times Ethylphosphorus aluminum or 50% carbendazim WP, or 800 mg of carbendazim or 500 times solution of thiram. Fusarium wilt can be sprayed on the foliage with 41% poly-pyridoxamine 600-800 times solution, or with 47% 600 times rigon WP. If some of the pollution-free peppers are found to have white powder, they should be sprayed with new high-fat, forming a membrane to separate the source of the disease, effectively preventing the bacteria from spreading again with wind and rain.
2.3 Picking at the right time
When the pepper appears smooth, the meat layer is thick, and the meat is brittle and hard, it can be picked. If the harvest is not timely, it will easily cause nutrient consumption, which is unfavorable for the growth and development of pepper plants. In the process of picking peppers, it can be calculated according to the time after flowering and pollination of peppers. At the best harvesting period, one month after pollination, the peppers have begun to fully expand, and the skin epidermis is glossy, which can be harvested in accordance with the green fruit picking standards. Generally, August-October is the ripening period of pollution-free pepper in Xuanhan County. It is picked once every 10 days. Most of them should be selected after sunny morning dew.
3 Conclusion
Pepper is a high-yielding crop, but due to various factors, the yield of pepper is low in some areas. Therefore, when planting peppers, it is necessary to select suitable pepper seeds according to local environmental conditions, and select suitable land for planting according to the growth habit of peppers. In the process of planting peppers, in order to improve the quality of products and achieve high and stable yield, we should select excellent varieties to plant according to the actual situation of planting, strengthen field management, prevent pests and diseases, and ensure the normal growth of peppers.
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