Dairy cows can produce a lot of heat due to ruminal fermentation and milk production. In addition, due to physiological reasons such as underdeveloped sweat glands and small body heat dissipation area, cows have the biological characteristics of “cold-tolerant and heat-resistantâ€. According to the research, the optimal environmental temperature for dairy cows is 10-16°C, and the suitable temperature range is 5-20°C. When the ambient temperature is higher than 21°C, the cows exhibit heat stress such as rapid breathing, increased pulse, and elevated body temperature; When the environmental temperature reached 27°C, the intake of dairy cows decreased significantly, and the milk yield was only 75% at 10°C; when the ambient temperature reached 30°C, the milk yield was only 69% at 10°C. According to the information provided by the meteorological department, the average annual average temperature of Guanzhong region passing 5°C and 20°C is 240 days and 90 days respectively. That is to say, the number of days of natural temperature suitable for dairy cows in a year is 150 days (240-90 days), and cows are in a state of heat stress for about 90 days, accounting for almost one-third of the milk production period. Meteorological data also show that the annual maximum daily temperature exceeds 30°C and the average annual time is more than 50 days, and the time at more than 35°C is also more than 8 days. It is not difficult to see that the problem of preventing the heatstroke during the dairy farming management in the Guanzhong region is quite prominent. To reduce the impact of heat stress on milk production and improve economic efficiency, the cows should strengthen their feeding and management during the summer.
First, feeding
1. Provide clean drinking water. It is best to use fresh well water and generally require free drinking water. Dairy cows raised by farmers should be given artificial drinking water at intervals of 1.5 to 2 hours.
2, adjust the proportion of fine grain and roughage. Because of the high temperature, the feed intake of dairy cows is significantly reduced. To ensure that cows eat enough nutrients to meet the needs of lactation, the proportion of concentrates in the diet should be appropriately increased, but the proportion of dry matter in the diet to dry matter in the diet should be increased. The maximum should not exceed 65%. In order to prevent the decrease of ruminal pH caused by high concentrates, 1.4-3% sodium bicarbonate or 0.6-0.8% magnesia may be added as a buffer in the diet.
3, increase the energy level of the diet. Under high temperature conditions, for every 1°C increase in temperature, high-yielding dairy cows need to maintain their energy needs by 3%. Feeding whole kernels or whole soybeans is usually used to increase dietary levels. The maximum limit of cottonseed and raw soybeans is 3 kg and 2.2 kg per head per day.
4, increase dietary protein levels. The increase in dietary protein content should be 6-8 percent. If too much is increased, excess protein is deaminated and energy is increased, which increases the “heat increase†and further exacerbates heat stress.
5, pay attention to vitamin A and mineral supplements. Under heat stress, the consumption of vitamin A increases, and the amount of vitamin A in the diet of dairy cows should be increased by a factor of two compared to normal conditions. In addition, due to the increase in sodium, potassium, magnesium, and other ions with sweat discharge, should pay attention to appropriate supplements.
6, adjust the feeding time. Summer cows should feed more than 60% of the ration at night, especially roughage should be arranged from 20:00 to 5:00 the following day.
Second, management
1. Construct pergola and shade net. The stadium generally requires the construction of a arbor, and the height of the shed is 5 meters. If necessary, additional shade nets can be added to reduce direct sunlight.
2, adjust the exercise time. When the weather is fine, the daytime exercise time of the cow should be reduced, and in particular, the cattle should be avoided in the middle and afternoon. The cattle are generally put into the playground after 6 pm and in the evening.
3, take spray and other cooling measures. When the ambient temperature exceeds 30°C, measures such as spray or fan plus spray should be taken to reduce the temperature.
4, to strengthen the cleaning and disinfection of food troughs and drinking water tanks. Summer temperatures are high, and the feed residue in the trough is prone to spoilage and deterioration. Therefore, it is necessary to clean the trough and drinking pool every day and disinfect it regularly.
5, to maintain environmental hygiene and reduce the breeding of mosquitoes and flies. Insects such as mosquitoes and flies have great harassment to cattle, not only affecting the normal rest of cattle, but also spreading diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to promptly clear the excrement and sheds and clumps of weeds around the stadium, keep the drainage channels open, and regularly spray mosquitoes. Pharmacy.
First, feeding
1. Provide clean drinking water. It is best to use fresh well water and generally require free drinking water. Dairy cows raised by farmers should be given artificial drinking water at intervals of 1.5 to 2 hours.
2, adjust the proportion of fine grain and roughage. Because of the high temperature, the feed intake of dairy cows is significantly reduced. To ensure that cows eat enough nutrients to meet the needs of lactation, the proportion of concentrates in the diet should be appropriately increased, but the proportion of dry matter in the diet to dry matter in the diet should be increased. The maximum should not exceed 65%. In order to prevent the decrease of ruminal pH caused by high concentrates, 1.4-3% sodium bicarbonate or 0.6-0.8% magnesia may be added as a buffer in the diet.
3, increase the energy level of the diet. Under high temperature conditions, for every 1°C increase in temperature, high-yielding dairy cows need to maintain their energy needs by 3%. Feeding whole kernels or whole soybeans is usually used to increase dietary levels. The maximum limit of cottonseed and raw soybeans is 3 kg and 2.2 kg per head per day.
4, increase dietary protein levels. The increase in dietary protein content should be 6-8 percent. If too much is increased, excess protein is deaminated and energy is increased, which increases the “heat increase†and further exacerbates heat stress.
5, pay attention to vitamin A and mineral supplements. Under heat stress, the consumption of vitamin A increases, and the amount of vitamin A in the diet of dairy cows should be increased by a factor of two compared to normal conditions. In addition, due to the increase in sodium, potassium, magnesium, and other ions with sweat discharge, should pay attention to appropriate supplements.
6, adjust the feeding time. Summer cows should feed more than 60% of the ration at night, especially roughage should be arranged from 20:00 to 5:00 the following day.
Second, management
1. Construct pergola and shade net. The stadium generally requires the construction of a arbor, and the height of the shed is 5 meters. If necessary, additional shade nets can be added to reduce direct sunlight.
2, adjust the exercise time. When the weather is fine, the daytime exercise time of the cow should be reduced, and in particular, the cattle should be avoided in the middle and afternoon. The cattle are generally put into the playground after 6 pm and in the evening.
3, take spray and other cooling measures. When the ambient temperature exceeds 30°C, measures such as spray or fan plus spray should be taken to reduce the temperature.
4, to strengthen the cleaning and disinfection of food troughs and drinking water tanks. Summer temperatures are high, and the feed residue in the trough is prone to spoilage and deterioration. Therefore, it is necessary to clean the trough and drinking pool every day and disinfect it regularly.
5, to maintain environmental hygiene and reduce the breeding of mosquitoes and flies. Insects such as mosquitoes and flies have great harassment to cattle, not only affecting the normal rest of cattle, but also spreading diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to promptly clear the excrement and sheds and clumps of weeds around the stadium, keep the drainage channels open, and regularly spray mosquitoes. Pharmacy.
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