In recent years, with the continuous adjustment of the agricultural industrial structure, the planting area of ​​melons and vegetables has expanded rapidly. The author has summarized the high-efficiency cultivation mode of the early spring thick-skin melon and the autumn-expansive pepper planting in the local greenhouse. This model has become the rural planting structure in the eastern part of Guanzhong. An important mode of adjustment. Chunyu thick-skinned melons are planted in late January, planted in early March, harvested in early March, harvested in early June, and the output value of 667m2 is about 6,000 yuan; autumn greenhouse peas are seeded in late June, planted in early August, harvested 1-2 batches Pepper, 667m2 income of about 5,000 yuan.
1High-efficiency cultivation technique of spring-skinned muskmelon
1.1 preliminary preparation
1.1.1 The greenhouse is built in a flat field with fertile soil and a greenhouse. The steel pipe is used as the skeleton, and the bamboo pole is used as an auxiliary material. The span is 5.2m. It is built before the end of February and covered with the film to ensure temperature and moisture.
1.1.2 Variety selection Choi honey treasure, a new variety of early-maturing hybrid thick-skin melon suitable for local cultivation. The whole growth period of this variety is 90-95d (days). The plant has strong growth potential, wide adaptability, strong disease resistance and stress resistance. The quality of single fruit is 4-6kg. The flesh is orange-red, the juice is delicious and the taste is excellent.
1.2 cultivate strong seedlings
1.2.1 Seedbed preparation The seedbed is set in the greenhouse, and the ground is required to be flat, 1.2-1.5m wide, and the length depends on the seedling volume. Spread the insulation layer, lay the electric heating line, and use the substrate plug to raise seedlings.
1.2.2 Soaking seeds and germination The thick-skinned melon seeds are stirred in warm water at 55 °C for 15 minutes (minutes), soaked at room temperature for 6 hours (hours), and then placed in a temperature of 28-30 °C to keep warm and germination, and more than 80% of the seeds are white. Sowing after.
1.2.3 Sowing at the right time in late January or early February. Before the sowing, the seedbed was warmed up 1 day in advance, and the substrate was placed in a tray and sprayed with 50% carbendazim 800 times. 1 seed per hole at the time of sowing, covering the substrate about 1cm, tiling the membrane, and buckle the small arch shed.
1.2.4 Seedbed management Before the emergence of seedlings, heating measures should be taken to keep the bed temperature at 30-35 °C during the day and 20-28 °C during the night. After about 70% of the seeds are released, the temperature is appropriately lowered. During the day, it is kept at 28-30 ° C, and at night is 15-18 ° C. Pay attention to the ventilation on sunny days.
1.3 Site preparation and planting
1.3.1 Applying the base fertilizer to the 667m2 before the winter, apply 4000kg of organic fertilizer, deep-turn the land, and protect the sputum. In the second half of February of the next year, 667m2 was applied with 40kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 10kg of potassium sulphate, then ridged, 2 ridges along the direction of the greenhouse, 15cm high ridge height and 100cm wide ridge surface. The shed was shed 10 days before planting to warm the insulation.
1.3.2 When planting 4 leaves and 1 heart of seedlings around March 10, choose sunny days to colonize. 2 rows per ridge, plant spacing of 55cm, 667m2 planting 800 plants, the ground temperature should be above 15 °C when transplanting, planting rooted water after planting.
1.4 Field Management
1.4.1 Control of temperature and humidity After planting, do not let the air not drain, so as to promote slow seedlings. After slow seedlings, attention should be paid to ventilation and cooling. The daytime temperature is kept at 25-30 °C, and the nighttime is not lower than 15 °C. During the flowering period, the switch vents are strengthened, with 27-30 °C during the day and 15-18 °C during the night; Maintain 27-30 ° C, night 15-20 ° C; mature period to maintain 28-30 ° C during the day, no less than 15 ° C at night; after the fruit set requires a temperature difference of 15 ° C, night temperature can not be too high, in order to prevent the plant from growing long and sugar on the fruit Accumulation is unfavorable and affects quality. The relative humidity of the growth period is controlled at 50%-70%.
1.4.2 Fertilizer management When planting, water is poured to create a good bottom. When the fruit is inflated, it needs more water. The watering should be carried out in a continuous sunny day. Cantaloupe thick-skinned melon is very sensitive to moisture, and the soil should be dry and not wet, but not too dry. Do not apply top dressing before sitting on the melon, when the melon grows to the egg, chase the fertilizer, 667m2 ternary compound fertilizer 25-30kg or diammonium phosphate 20kg plus potassium fertilizer 20kg.
1.4.3 Artificial pollination Because there is no pollination insect in the greenhouse, the melons of the muskmelon are generally artificially assisted in pollination, and each plant pollinates 2-4 female flowers. It is best to pollinate on sunny days from 7:00 to 10:00. It should be pollinated in a centralized manner to facilitate management and tidying, and indicate the date of pollination, which is easy to harvest when mature.
1.4.4 Pruning melons adopt double vine pruning method. When the seedlings are 3 to 4 true leaves, the heart is picked, and the following 2 nodes are promoted. After the vines grow on the vines, the vines are removed from the 5th to the 6th, and the middle granaries are used. After the vine is covered with melon, the vine leaves are preserved and the leaves are topped. The pruning must be timely and should be carried out on a sunny day to facilitate wound healing.
1.5 pest control
The muskmelon diseases mainly include rickets, blight, powdery mildew, downy mildew, etc. The pests mainly include small tigers, crickets, crickets, and mites. In the whole growth period, we should adhere to the principle of “prevention first, comprehensive prevention and controlâ€. On the basis of agricultural prevention and control, chemical control should also be carried out in a timely manner. Must be done: First, promote the promotion and use of high-efficiency, low-toxic, low-residue pesticides, prohibit the use of highly toxic, highly toxic, high-residue pesticides; second, scientifically regulate the use of pesticides, pay attention to prevention and treatment methods, correctly master the dosage, should be used alternately and The selection of biological pesticides; the third is to strictly enforce the safety interval of pesticides.
1.6 Harvesting and storage
Thick-skinned melons should be harvested at the age of 80 or 90%. Choose high-quality melons that are disease-free, wound-free, and fruit-shaped. Keep cool during storage and transportation, and pay attention to ventilation to reduce fruit rot.
2 Qiuqi pepper cultivation technology
2.1 preliminary preparation
2.1.1 Deeply dip the sun before harvesting, remove the shed film in time, clean up the weeds, deepen the soil in the field, promote the microbial activation, improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil; the summer rainfall is more, the soil can accumulate a lot of rain after deep turning, increase The deeper soil moisture content is beneficial to the growth of the later crops. Care should be taken to prevent weed growth and lead to loss of soil nutrients, which is not conducive to the growth of crops.
2.1.2 Variety Selection Qiuyan pepper should be selected from high temperature and low temperature, low light tolerance, disease resistance and medium and early ripening varieties. The locally cultivated variety is Kangda 401.
2.2 Cultivation of strong seedlings
The suitable sowing date is in late June. When planting too early, it is catching up with the high temperature period, which is prone to viral diseases; sowing is too late, and the result period is shortened, which affects the yield. At the time of planting, the seedling age is about 40d, and the seedlings have 5-6 true leaves, the stem is about 0.3cm thick, and the plant height is about 10cm. The leaves are large and thick, the leaves are dark green, the roots are developed and white is better. The 72-hole tray seedlings are used to cover the shade net and the insect net. Note that the sun is blocked from 10:00 to 16:00 on sunny days, and the film should be covered with rain to prevent the seedlings from growing and wearing caps.
2.3 Site preparation
2.3.1 Soil preparation before planting and deepening sun drying, do a good job of soil disinfection and sterilization, 667m2 application of decomposed mature organic fertilizer 5-10m3, ternary compound fertilizer 50kg.
2.3.2 Timely colonization In August, the pepper seedlings were planted in the middle of August, and the shed film was buckled 7-10 days before planting. High ridge double-row cultivation, ridge ridges, ridge distance 90-100cm, ridge height 20-25cm, plant spacing 30-35cm, planting seedlings on both sides of the ridge. Immediately after planting, water the seedlings, so that the ridges are soaked, not flooding.
2.4 Strengthening field management
2.4.1 Temperature management The temperature of the greenhouse can be controlled by adjusting the amount of ventilation and the number of ventilations. When the average outside temperature is below 18 ° C and the night temperature is below 12 ° C, insulation measures should be taken. The suitable temperature for the growth period of pepper is 25-30 °C during the day and 15-20 °C during the night.
2.4.2 Water and fertilizer management After planting, 1-2 times of water should be poured in time to facilitate the seedlings. The temperature in the early stage of growth is high, and the amount of water evaporation is large. It is necessary to pour water in small water and keep the soil moist, which is conducive to the development of capsicum fruit. Capsicum is a potash fertilizer, and topdressing is suitable for compound fertilizer. After the pepper is seated, it can be topdressed for the first time, and the result is to strengthen the top dressing.
2.4.3 Pest control The pests and diseases are mainly prevented during the whole growth period. The main diseases in the local production include viral diseases, rickets, and diseases. The pests mainly include aphids and cabbage caterpillars. After colonization, 20% virus A wettable powder 500 times liquid was sprayed in time to prevent and cure viral diseases, and 1000 times liquid imidacloprid or 2000 times liquid anti-converse WP was used to control aphids.
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