The burdock is a biennial herbaceous plant in the Campanulaceae family. The main edible parts are the hypertrophic succulent roots, petioles and tender leaves. The burdock leaf is rich in chlorogenic acid, and has various pharmacological effects such as choleretic, antibacterial, antiviral, antihypertensive, increasing white blood cells, and exciting the central nervous system; burdock seed is a traditional Chinese medicine; Fungus and other functions; burdock root also contains soluble inulin, which can be eaten by diabetics. Due to the medicinal and edible value of burdock, its growing scale in the country is increasing.
1. Variety types Burdock can be divided into 3 types according to growth period: First, early maturing varieties. The growing period is about 90 days. The plants are shorter and the leaves are smaller. They are usually sown in mid-March and harvested in mid-June, or sown in early August and harvested in late October. The second is mid-mature varieties. The growing period is about 150 days, and the plant size is between early and late maturing varieties. It is usually sown from April to May and harvested in September. The third is late-maturing varieties. During the growth period of about 180 days, the plants grow tall, with large leaves and strong growth potential. It is usually sown in April and harvested in October. The fleshy root is 70-140 cm long and 3-4 cm thick. Burdock burdock is generally used in mid-late maturing varieties in autumn, and early-middle-maturing varieties in spring.
2. Growing habits Burdock is mainly propagated by seeds. The germination temperature of seeds is 20℃～25℃. The growth temperature of plants is 20℃～25℃. The ground parts are weak in cold resistance and die at low temperature of 3℃. -20°C low temperature. In winter, the ground dies with straight roots and overwinters, and sprouts grow in the following spring. At present, it is mainly cultivated in the open field, usually in two seasons of spring and autumn. Autumn is planted from October 1 to early November, and the arched plastic film is covered around November 10; spring is planted from March to mid-May. Planted in March, open field cultivation can only be done after the frost is over. Burdock is a long-day plant that requires strong light conditions and requires more water. From seed germination to seedling growth, it is suitable for a slightly higher soil humidity; it also requires humid soil conditions in the middle and late stages of growth, but no water can accumulate in the field.
3. Cultivation and management 1. Prior crops: For burdock planting, the plots with non-compositae plants should be selected, preferably plots that have not been planted with burdock for 2 to 3 years. In addition, the plots with the previous crops of beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes and corn are often seriously damaged by grubs and should not be used.
2. Soil environment: Burdock has strict requirements on the soil, suitable for cultivation of sandy soil with deep soil layer, good drainage, and loose and fertile soil, with a pH value of 6.5-7.5.
3. Variety selection: According to the planting environment, it is necessary to select excellent varieties that are disease-resistant, high-yield, good in commerciality and suitable for export cultivation.
4. Soil preparation and fertilization: turn over the soil deeply and expose it for several days before sowing. Apply 2000 kilograms of high-quality organic fertilizer per mu, no chemical fertilizer, or less phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and apply biological bacterial fertilizer. Both single and double rows can be used for land preparation. Currently, the single-row soil preparation method is commonly used: the row spacing is 60 cm, the middle of the row is dug 20 cm wide and 100 cm deep. When covering the soil, the soil should be fine and rotted with organic fertilizer to prevent underground Mix the pesticides of the pests to fill the ditch, while gently stepping on both sides to stay in the middle, ridge (trapezoid) on the ditch, 15-20 cm high, 20 cm wide, 30 cm wide at the bottom of the ridge.
5. Sowing: ①Seed treatment. Put the seeds in 55°C warm water, stir continuously with a wooden stick to make the water temperature drop to about 30°C, soak for 3 to 4 hours, then remove and rinse with clean water once, wrap with disinfected wet gauze and keep for 30 The temperature of ℃ ~ 35 ℃ and sufficient humidity can be exposed in about 24 hours. ② Sowing. Open a 3 cm deep ditch in the ridge, pour an appropriate amount of water, and after the water infiltrates, put a single seed of germination, and then cover the soil 2 cm thick, and then covered with plastic film, sowing 15,000 to 20,000 seeds per mu.
6. Field management: â‘ Between seedlings. When the burdock grows to 2 to 3 leaves, the seedlings are thinned out, and the strong seedlings with uniform growth are kept, and the density of 6000 to 8000 plants per acre is maintained. â‘¡Growth management. Planted in early spring and late autumn, the burdock covered with plastic film should be broken immediately after seedling emergence, and the weather should be sprinkled in time to maintain the humidity of the soil layer when the weather is dry. Mid-term management requires mid-cultivation and weeding, and mid-cultivation should be shallow to avoid damaging the roots. After the plants are sealed, they will no longer be cultivating, and weeds can be removed by hand. At the same time, we must strengthen fertilizer and water management, applying about 30 kg of NPK compound fertilizer per mu. Overwintering stubble should be covered with straw and soil before the stems and leaves wither to prevent cold. In addition to the need for weeding and ditch drainage in the later management, there is generally no need for top dressing and watering.
7. Prevention of diseases and insect pests: The diseases and insect pests of burdock are mainly root-knot nematodes, aphids and ground tigers. Root-knot nematode control: When burdock is planted to open the ditch, use 3 to 5 kilograms of Miller granules per mu into the ditch, and then sow; each plant in the growth period uses 1% Hiszheng Menglingling Emulsion 5000 times 250 grams of roots. Aphids control: 10% imidacloprid 1500 times liquid spray can be used. Ground tiger control: When the resistance of ground tigers at 1 to 3 instar larvae is poor, spray or irrigate roots with 800 times of 5% phoxim.
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