The bitter gourd is called Momordicacharantia L. The alias has the name of cold melon, golden lychee and glutinous grape. It is a cultivar of the genus Cucurbitaceae, an annual climbing herb. It is native to the subtropical region; it is cultivated in South China, North China, Central China, and Southwest China. Bitter melons eat more tender fruits, the flesh is crisp, the bitter taste is moderate, the nutrition is rich, and the appetite is increased. It is not only nutritious, but also has high medicinal value. Bitter melon is bitter and bitter, clearing heat and relieving heat, clearing eyes and detoxifying. It is often eaten in summer, and it has the effect of cooling blood and detoxifying. It can prevent heatstroke, laryngitis, gastroenteritis and dermatitis. Based on years of cultivation experience, the cultivation techniques are described below.
First, the cultivation of seedlings and strong seedlings is an important basis for the cultivation of bitter gourd to obtain high yield and quality. The bitter gourd seed skin is hard and thick, and it is exposed to low temperature and rainy weather after direct sowing. It is prone to mildew and rot, resulting in lack of seedlings in the field. Therefore, germination is generally used in production. The conventional germination method usually takes about 7-8 days to bud, and a rapid germination method is introduced below.
1.1 Before germination soaking seeds, dry the seeds for 4-5 hours, then soak them in warm water at 54-56 °C for 10 minutes, stir constantly, and then soak them in cold water for 8-10 hours. After soaking the seeds with a dry towel, use a pair of pliers to break the seeds 1/3 or 1/2 to facilitate sprouting, but not to damage the seeds. Then, the seeds are wrapped in a wet towel, placed in an incubator, and germinated for about 36 hours at 30-32 ° C. If there is no incubator, the following method can be used: 20 grams of sieve ash per 50 grams of seed, the ash is mixed with boiling water, the ratio of ash to boiling water is about 1:0.7, the hand is held into a group, and the hand is loose. Then mix the bitter gourd seeds with the hot coal ash and put them into pots or other containers. Cover the straw with a place where there is a heat source for germination. After 10 hours, the seeds in the pots are changed up and down once. If dry, they can be sprayed evenly with warm water at 32 °C to continue the germination. The shoots can be germinated in about 24 hours.
1.2 There are two methods of sowing: seedling seeding and seedling seeding. The seedling seeding method firstly sorts the nursery site, pours the bottom water, and after the water seeps, sow a layer of dry fine soil and sow it, so that the seeds of the buds are spread to the seedbed, try to avoid the seeds colliding, and then cover the fine dry soil. 3-5cm, cover with a film, keep the temperature 30-35 ° C, after about 1 week can be emerged. When most of the seeds emerged from the top soil, it is necessary to release the wind in time, and the film is opened during the day and covered at night. When the two cotyledons are flattened, the seedlings can be divided. Finish the seedling seedling bed, and plant the seedlings 10cm square after planting, pay attention to maintain a certain temperature. Seeding method is not divided: seedlings are not used after sowing. First, the germinated seeds are spotted on the seedbed of the foot water at a distance of 10 cm, and then the soil is covered with dry soil to form a pile, each pile is piled up. The mound is 3-5 cm high, which is conducive to expanding the heat absorption area and promoting emergence. Then spread a layer of soil on the whole nursery.
1.3 Seedling management After planting, it is mainly used to keep warm and moisturize, promote seed germination, keep it at 30-35 °C during the day, and should not be lower than 13-15 °C at night. The film of heat preservation and moisturizing should be tightly buckled, no air vent, no moisturizing and cold protection. ability. After emergence, the temperature can be appropriately lowered to promote the healthy growth of the seedlings. Since bitter gourd is a heat-tolerant crop, most of the seedling stage grows slowly in the spring protected area, and the number of hours of illumination should be increased. One week before planting, the amount of air release can be increased until all the coverings are removed, and the seedlings are stressed and exercised to improve the adaptability of the seedlings. For water management, in general, the seedling stage can no longer be watered, mainly relying on the bottom water of the seedbed and adopting the method of covering soil and protecting the soil to maintain soil moisture. If the soil is dry, it can be covered with moist soil. If the soil moisture is high, it can cover some fine dry soil. If the soil is too dry, it can be sprayed properly. When the seedling reaches 4-5 leaves, it will be planted, and one week before planting, water will be poured. Perform stress-resistant exercises to adapt to the external environment after colonization.
Second, the colonization of North China is generally fixed after the late frost in May. The bitter gourd has developed roots, many lateral roots and high vines. It is suitable for cultivation on sandy loam soil which is loose, fertile and convenient for irrigation and drainage. Before the planting, the base fertilizer is applied, and 1000-1500 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer is applied per acre. With soil planting, the general row spacing is 0.8m, the plant spacing is 0.5m, and the planting of 1600-1800 plants per mu can be carried out by mulching the small sorghum planting seedlings, or by ditching the seedlings to water the dark water.
Third, the management after planting appropriate topdressing, strengthen the cultivating, in order to promote growth and development, is the key measures for seedling management and early harvesting and high yield after planting. In North China, in the early stage of seedling growth, if the soil is dry, the symptoms of viral diseases are prone to occur, the growth of the plants is stagnant, the seedlings are small, and the trees are not planted. The water and fertilizer should be strengthened, and the melons should be promoted as soon as possible to seal the ridges.
1.1 Fertilizer management: Immediately after planting, planting water should be poured. After planting, the seedling water should be poured for one week, and then the seedlings should be planted. The seedlings will be finished in about 10 days, and the water will be fertilized to promote growth. After every 6-7 days, water will be poured. In the flowering period, appropriate seedlings should be planted, and the cultivating should be carried out. After the first melon is seated, watering can be promoted. During the fruiting period, it is advisable to pour water once every 5-7 days. Bitter gourd seedlings are not resistant to fertilizer, and topdressing should be thin. After the start of the melon, the fertilizer should be continuously supplied. In combination with watering, the fertilizer should be applied once every 10-15 days, and 10 kg of urea or 15-20 kg of compound fertilizer should be used for each mu. The results should be increased by 2-3 times of superphosphate, 10-20kg each time to prevent premature aging and prolong the harvest period. If the topdressing is insufficient during the fruiting period, the plant grows weakly, the side branches are thin, the leaves are yellowish, the melons are few, the melons are small, the yield is low, the quality is worse, and the bitterness is thickened.
1.2 Scaffolding and pruning: bitter gourd is slender, it is necessary to frame the vines in time to avoid damage due to strong winds. Because the female flowers of the side of the bitter gourd occur later, the side vines should be removed to give the advantage of the main vines. Otherwise, the side vine grows vigorously, which wastes the nutrients of the plant, and also leads to madness, causing the phenomenon of melon and premature aging. Generally, when the main vine grows to 50-70cm, the whole vine is started, and all the side vines at the base are removed, leaving only the main vines on the shelf. After the main vine is put on the shelf, if there is no female flower on the side vine, the side vine will be removed from the base. If there is a female flower, the melon should be picked up in time. In the late growth stage, in order to ventilate and transmit light, the old leaves, diseased leaves, yellow leaves and small side branches should be removed in time.
4. Harvesting bitter gourd is served by tender fruit (melon) and should be harvested in time. Generally, 12-15 days after flowering is the harvesting period, and the performance traits that can be harvested are: the strips or knobs of the fruit are full, the color of the top of the fruit is light, the corolla is dry and the peel is off, and the peel is shiny. The bitter gourd seeds develop fast, and the fruit physiological maturity is also rapid. If the harvest is too late, the top of the melon becomes yellow or orange red, the bitter taste becomes light, the meat quality becomes soft, and the quality is reduced. If the harvest is too early, the melon is not fully long. Large, bitter taste, poor quality, low yield. It is best to use scissors to cut from the base of the stalk when harvesting, so as not to tear the plants or leaves when picking by hand.
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